Hi Linus, hi Alan, hi everybody else not explicitly mentioned,
here's a
patch for testing (comments please cc: to me) and
inclusion for the 2.3
series (if believed to be ok).
Short summary:
More and more programs (eg
CGI-Scripts) use the PID as pseudo-random number.
As this isn't really
random and easily guessed from the outside (esp. with
daemons loaded while
booting) it's a little bit troublesome.
My patch allows some kind of
modification to the current routing which just
increments the last pid
until a free pid is found.
Possible are
- last_pid+1 (as before);
-
complete random (entropy pool);
- low and/or high byte randomness added;
-
multiply last_pid with prime, add another prime;
- pseudo-random.
It
makes this changes:
- defines PID_MIN (before hardcoded)
- makes new entry
/proc/sys/proc/pidallocation (global variable
pid_alloc_strategy)
-
defines inlined function get_pid_using_strategy called from get_pid,
which handles the actual calculations
- changes get_pid to use that
function.
Attached is some documentation regarding performance before and
after -
can somebody please explain why the stock kernel is *slower* than
the
modified with a multiplication inside??
As rule-of-thumb: performance
is slightly better (-0,6%) to 17% slower
with complete randomness (losing
entropy) at about +10%.
As my machine only has 32MB memory I couldn't test this with a high number
of processes - it kills some when reaching 1090 or so ...
Please test (with many processes active), and, if ok, include it into
2.3.
PS: Please note the "COX worth 10K" in line 106 of the uuencode ...
;-)
diff -urN -x *.a -x *.o -x vmlinu* -x compile.h
linux-2.2.13.orig/Documentation/sysctl/proc.txt
linux-2.2.13/Documentation/sysctl/proc.txt
--- linux-2.2.13.orig/Documentation/sysctl/proc.txt Thu Jan 1 01:00:00 1970 +++ linux-2.2.13/Documentation/sysctl/proc.txt Wed Jan 5 19:18:12 2000 @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ + +Documentation for /proc/sys/proc/* kernel version 2.2.13 + (c) 1998, 1999, Ph. Marek <marek@bmlv.gv.at> + shamelessly copied from vm.txt + +For general info and legal blurb, please look in README. + +============================================================== ++This file contains the documentation for the sysctl files in +/proc/sys/proc and is valid for Linux kernel version 2.2. + +The files in this directory can be used to tune some process +related operations inside the kernel. + +Default values are mostly zero; noted if otherwise. + +Currently, these files are in /proc/sys/proc: +- pidallocation + +=========================================================== === + +pidallocation: + +The (integer) value herein controls the generation of new pids. +The default value of 0 (and every not otherwise used) results +in the "normal" operation used before; ie., the pid's are linear +raising. +A value of -1 results in random-generated pid's; the randomness +is taken from the entropy pool via get_random_bytes. +For all other values the following bits are processed in the given order: +Bit 3 : pseudo-random generator, according to "Numbers at Random" + by Ivars Petersen, Science News Vol. 140 (9. Nov. 1991) p300 +Bit 2 : multiply with one prime, add another prime. +Bit 1 : Random byte << 8 (0,256,512,768,1024,...) added to last_pid. +Bit 0 : Random byte (0..255) added to last_pid. + +The runtimes vary on my slightly loaded machine (Celeron 300) +from 720µs to 848µs (727µs with type 0, stock kernel 724µs) [maximum +17.8%] + diff -urN -x *.a -x *.o -x vmlinu* -x compile.h linux-2.2.13.orig/include/linux/sched.h linux-2.2.13/include/linux/sched.h --- linux-2.2.13.orig/include/linux/sched.h Sun Dec 5 19:00:24 1999 +++ linux-2.2.13/include/linux/sched.h Sat Jan 1 23:13:23 2000 @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ #define CT_TO_USECS(x) (((x) % HZ) * 1000000/HZ) extern int nr_running, nr_tasks; -extern int last_pid; +extern int last_pid,pid_alloc_strategy; #include <linux/fs.h> #include <linux/time.h> diff -urN -x *.a -x *.o -x vmlinu* -x compile.h linux-2.2.13.orig/include/linux/sysctl.h linux-2.2.13/include/linux/sysctl.h --- linux-2.2.13.orig/include/linux/sysctl.h Wed Oct 20 02:14:02 1999 +++ linux-2.2.13/include/linux/sysctl.h Sat Jan 1 21:37:18 2000 @@ -107,6 +107,12 @@ KERN_SHMALL=41 /* int: maximum size of shared memory */ };
+/* PROC names: */ +enum +{ + PR_PIDALLOC=1 /* Pid Allocation Strategy - linear, random ... */ +}; + /* CTL_VM names: */ enum diff -urN -x *.a -x *.o -x vmlinu* -x compile.h linux-2.2.13.orig/include/linux/tasks.h linux-2.2.13/include/linux/tasks.h --- linux-2.2.13.orig/include/linux/tasks.h Mon Nov 8 19:28:36 1999 +++ linux-2.2.13/include/linux/tasks.h Sat Jan 1 23:10:28 2000 @@ -18,8 +18,11 @@ /* - * This controls the maximum pid allocated to a process + * This controls the maximum & minimum pid allocated to a process + * minimum MUST be 2^n - see kernel/fork.c:get_pid */ #define PID_MAX 0x8000 +#define PID_MIN 0x100 + #endif Binary files linux-2.2.13.orig/kernel/.fork.c.swo and linux-2.2.13/kernel/.fork.c.swo differ diff -urN -x *.a -x *.o -x vmlinu* -x compile.h linux-2.2.13.orig/kernel/fork.c linux-2.2.13/kernel/fork.c --- linux-2.2.13.orig/kernel/fork.c Wed Oct 20 02:14:02 1999 +++ linux-2.2.13/kernel/fork.c Wed Jan 5 18:16:00 2000 @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
#include <linux/smp_lock.h> #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/vmalloc.h> +#include <linux/random.h> #include <asm/pgtable.h>
#include <asm/mmu_context.h> @@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ unsigned long int total_forks=0; /* Handle normal Linux uptimes. */ int last_pid=0; +int pid_alloc_strategy=0; /* SLAB cache for mm_struct's. */ kmem_cache_t *mm_cachep; @@ -185,6 +187,74 @@ /* Protects next_safe and last_pid. */
spinlock_t lastpid_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED; + +/* Inserted 010100 :-) marek@bmlv.gv.at */ +inline int get_pid_using_strategy(int *last_pid) +{ + int tmp; + unsigned char rnd; + static int counter=2; + + if (total_forks==0) + return ++(*last_pid); /* init = 1 */ + + if (pid_alloc_strategy==0) + { + tmp = *last_pid + 1; + } + else + { + if (pid_alloc_strategy == -1) + { + get_random_bytes(&tmp,sizeof(tmp)); + tmp+=*last_pid; + } + else + { + tmp=*last_pid; + + if (pid_alloc_strategy & 8) + { + tmp=counter; + counter+= *last_pid; + if (counter < *last_pid) counter++; /* Overflow */ + tmp=counter; + /* *last_pid = tmp below */ + } + + if (pid_alloc_strategy & 4) + tmp = tmp * 797 + 1249; /* both prime */ + + if (pid_alloc_strategy & 2) + { + get_random_bytes(&rnd,sizeof(rnd)); + tmp += rnd << 8; + } + + if (pid_alloc_strategy & 1) + { + get_random_bytes(&rnd,sizeof(rnd)); + tmp += rnd; + } + } /* strategy != -1 */ + } /* strategy != 0 */ +
+#if (PID_MAX & (PID_MAX-1) ) == 0 + /* PID_MAX = 2 ^ x - normal case !!!!! */ + tmp &= PID_MAX - 1; +#else + /* PID_MAX != 2 ^ x - can be time consuming!!! */ + tmp = ((unsigned)tmp) % PID_MAX; +#endif + + *last_pid = tmp; + + if (*last_pid < PID_MIN) /* Skip daemons etc. */ + *last_pid=PID_MIN+1; + return *last_pid; +} + + static int get_pid(unsigned long flags) { static int next_safe = PID_MAX; @@ -194,8 +264,8 @@ return current->pid; spin_lock(&lastpid_lock); - if((++last_pid) & 0xffff8000) { - last_pid = 300; /* Skip daemons etc. */ + if(get_pid_using_strategy(&last_pid) & (~(PID_MAX-1))) { + /* Better check - but not needed here. won't happen? */ goto inside; }
if(last_pid >= next_safe) { @@ -207,9 +277,7 @@ if(p->pid == last_pid || p->pgrp == last_pid || p->session == last_pid) { - if(++last_pid >= next_safe) { - if(last_pid & 0xffff8000) - last_pid = 300; + if(get_pid_using_strategy(&last_pid) >= next_safe) {
next_safe = PID_MAX; } goto repeat; diff -urN -x *.a -x *.o -x vmlinu* -x compile.h linux-2.2.13.orig/kernel/sysctl.c linux-2.2.13/kernel/sysctl.c --- linux-2.2.13.orig/kernel/sysctl.c Sat Jan 1 21:35:14 2000 +++ linux-2.2.13/kernel/sysctl.c Sat Jan 1 21:58:32 2000 @@ -251,6 +251,8 @@ }; static ctl_table proc_table[] = { + {PR_PIDALLOC, "pidallocation", + &pid_alloc_strategy, sizeof(pid_alloc_strategy), 0644, NULL, &proc_dointvec}, {0} };
documentation.tar.gz listing:
doc/ doc/times.sort.txt doc/times.txt doc/fork-new.s doc/fork-suse .s doc/proc.txt doc/performance.txt perftest/ perftest/rpid.c perftest/rpid. run.sh perftest/Makefile perftest/suse-kernel.131072.txt
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This archive was generated by hypermail 2b29 : Sat Jan 15 2000 - 21:00:15 EST