[PATCH] driver-core: devtmpfs - driver core maintained /dev tmpfs

[Kay Sievers]

From: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@xxxxxxxx>
Subject: driver-core: devtmpfs - driver core maintained /dev tmpfs

Devtmpfs lets the kernel create a tmpfs very early at kernel
initialization, before any driver core device is registered. Every
device with a major/minor will have a device node created in this
tmpfs instance. After the rootfs is mounted by the kernel, the
populated tmpfs is mounted at /dev. In initramfs, it can be moved
to the manually mounted root filesystem before /sbin/init is
executed.

The tmpfs instance can be changed and altered by userspace at any time,
and in any way needed - just like today's udev-mounted tmpfs. Unmodified
udev versions will run just fine on top of it, and will recognize an
already existing kernel-created device node and use it.
The default node permissions are root:root 0600. Only if none of these
values have been changed by userspace, the driver core will remove the
device node when the device goes away. If the device node was altered
by udev, by applying the appropriate permissions and ownership, it will
need to be removed by udev - just as it usually works today.

This makes init=/bin/sh work without any further userspace support.
/dev will be fully populated and dynamic, and always reflect the current
device state of the kernel. Especially in the face of the already
implemented dynamic device numbers for block devices, this can be very
helpful in a rescue situation, where static devices nodes no longer
work.
Custom, embedded-like systems should be able to use this as a dynamic
/dev directory without any need for aditional userspace tools.

With the kernel populated /dev, existing initramfs or kernel-mount
bootup logic can be optimized to be more efficient, and not to require a
full coldplug run, which is currently needed to bootstrap the inital
/dev directory content, before continuing bringing up the rest of
the system. There will be no missed events to replay, because /dev is
available before the first kernel device is registered with the core.
A coldplug run can take, depending on the speed of the system and the
amount of devices which need to be handled, from one to several seconds.

Signed-off-by: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@xxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Jan Blunck <jblunck@xxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@xxxxxxx>
---

 block/bsg.c                         |    6 
 drivers/base/Kconfig                |   17 +
 drivers/base/Makefile               |    1 
 drivers/base/base.h                 |    6 
 drivers/base/core.c                 |   54 +++++
 drivers/base/devtmpfs.c             |  337 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 drivers/base/init.c                 |    1 
 drivers/gpu/drm/drm_sysfs.c         |    7 
 drivers/input/input.c               |    6 
 drivers/media/dvb/dvb-core/dvbdev.c |   10 +
 drivers/usb/core/usb.c              |   11 +
 include/linux/device.h              |   14 +
 include/linux/shmem_fs.h            |    2 
 init/do_mounts.c                    |    2 
 init/initramfs.c                    |    2 
 init/main.c                         |    2 
 mm/shmem.c                          |    4 
 sound/sound_core.c                  |    7 
 18 files changed, 484 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

--- a/block/bsg.c
+++ b/block/bsg.c
@@ -1062,6 +1062,11 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(bsg_register_queue);
 
 static struct cdev bsg_cdev;
 
+static char *bsg_nodename(struct device *dev)
+{
+	return kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "bsg/%s", dev_name(dev));
+}
+
 static int __init bsg_init(void)
 {
 	int ret, i;
@@ -1082,6 +1087,7 @@ static int __init bsg_init(void)
 		ret = PTR_ERR(bsg_class);
 		goto destroy_kmemcache;
 	}
+	bsg_class->nodename = bsg_nodename;
 
 	ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&devid, 0, BSG_MAX_DEVS, "bsg");
 	if (ret)
--- a/drivers/base/Kconfig
+++ b/drivers/base/Kconfig
@@ -8,6 +8,23 @@ config UEVENT_HELPER_PATH
 	  Path to uevent helper program forked by the kernel for
 	  every uevent.
 
+config DEVTMPFS
+	bool "Create a kernel maintained /dev tmpfs (EXPERIMENTAL)"
+	depends on HOTPLUG
+	help
+	  This creates a tmpfs filesystem, and mounts it at bootup
+	  and mounts it at /dev. The kernel driver core creates device
+	  nodes for all registered devices in that filesystem. All device
+	  nodes are owned by root and have the default mode of 0600.
+	  Userspace can add and delete the nodes as needed. This is
+	  intended to simplify bootup, and make it possible to delay
+	  the initial coldplug at bootup done by udev in userspace.
+	  It should also provide a simpler way for rescue systems
+	  to bring up a kernel with dynamic major/minor numbers.
+	  Meaningful symlinks, permissions and device ownership must
+	  still be handled by userspace.
+	  If unsure, say N here.
+
 config STANDALONE
 	bool "Select only drivers that don't need compile-time external firmware" if EXPERIMENTAL
 	default y
--- a/drivers/base/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/base/Makefile
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ obj-y			:= core.o sys.o bus.o dd.o \
 			   driver.o class.o platform.o \
 			   cpu.o firmware.o init.o map.o devres.o \
 			   attribute_container.o transport_class.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_DEVTMPFS)	+= devtmpfs.o
 obj-y			+= power/
 obj-$(CONFIG_HAS_DMA)	+= dma-mapping.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_ISA)	+= isa.o
--- a/drivers/base/base.h
+++ b/drivers/base/base.h
@@ -134,3 +134,9 @@ static inline void module_add_driver(str
 				     struct device_driver *drv) { }
 static inline void module_remove_driver(struct device_driver *drv) { }
 #endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_DEVTMPFS
+extern int devtmpfs_init(void);
+#else
+static inline int devtmpfs_init(void) { return 0; }
+#endif
--- a/drivers/base/core.c
+++ b/drivers/base/core.c
@@ -161,10 +161,18 @@ static int dev_uevent(struct kset *kset,
 	struct device *dev = to_dev(kobj);
 	int retval = 0;
 
-	/* add the major/minor if present */
+	/* add device node properties if present */
 	if (MAJOR(dev->devt)) {
+		const char *tmp;
+		const char *name;
+
 		add_uevent_var(env, "MAJOR=%u", MAJOR(dev->devt));
 		add_uevent_var(env, "MINOR=%u", MINOR(dev->devt));
+		name = device_get_nodename(dev, &tmp);
+		if (name) {
+			add_uevent_var(env, "DEVNAME=%s", name);
+			kfree(tmp);
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (dev->type && dev->type->name)
@@ -912,6 +920,8 @@ int device_add(struct device *dev)
 		error = device_create_sys_dev_entry(dev);
 		if (error)
 			goto devtattrError;
+
+		devtmpfs_create_node(dev);
 	}
 
 	error = device_add_class_symlinks(dev);
@@ -1055,6 +1065,7 @@ void device_del(struct device *dev)
 	if (parent)
 		klist_del(&dev->p->knode_parent);
 	if (MAJOR(dev->devt)) {
+		devtmpfs_delete_node(dev);
 		device_remove_sys_dev_entry(dev);
 		device_remove_file(dev, &devt_attr);
 	}
@@ -1125,6 +1136,47 @@ static struct device *next_device(struct
 }
 
 /**
+ * device_get_nodename - path of device node file
+ * @dev: device
+ * @tmp: possibly allocated string
+ *
+ * Return the relative path of a possible device node.
+ * Non-default names may need to allocate a memory to compose
+ * a name. This memory is returned in tmp and needs to be
+ * freed by the caller.
+ */
+const char *device_get_nodename(struct device *dev, const char **tmp)
+{
+	char *s;
+
+	*tmp = NULL;
+
+	/* the device type may provide a specific name */
+	if (dev->type && dev->type->nodename)
+		*tmp = dev->type->nodename(dev);
+	if (*tmp)
+		return *tmp;
+
+	/* the class may provide a specific name */
+	if (dev->class && dev->class->nodename)
+		*tmp = dev->class->nodename(dev);
+	if (*tmp)
+		return *tmp;
+
+	/* return name without allocation, tmp == NULL */
+	if (strchr(dev_name(dev), '!') ==  NULL)
+		return dev_name(dev);
+
+	/* replace '!' in the name with '/' */
+	*tmp = kstrdup(dev_name(dev), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!*tmp)
+		return NULL;
+	while ((s = strchr(*tmp, '!')))
+		s[0] = '/';
+	return *tmp;
+}
+
+/**
  * device_for_each_child - device child iterator.
  * @parent: parent struct device.
  * @data: data for the callback.
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drivers/base/devtmpfs.c
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+/*
+ * /dev tmpfs device nodes
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2009, Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@xxxxxxxx>
+ *
+ * During bootup, before any driver core device is registered, a tmpfs
+ * filesystem is created. Every device which requests a devno, will
+ * create a device node in this filesystem. The node is named after the
+ * the nameof the device, or the susbsytem can provide a custom name
+ * for the node.
+ *
+ * All devices are owned by root. This is intended to simplify bootup, and
+ * make it possible to delay the initial coldplug done by udev in userspace.
+ *
+ * It should also provide a simpler way for rescue systems to bring up a
+ * kernel with dynamic major/minor numbers.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/syscalls.h>
+#include <linux/mount.h>
+#include <linux/device.h>
+#include <linux/genhd.h>
+#include <linux/namei.h>
+
+static struct vfsmount *dev_mnt;
+
+static int dev_mkdir(const char *name, mode_t mode)
+{
+	struct nameidata nd;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	int err;
+
+	err = vfs_path_lookup(dev_mnt->mnt_root, dev_mnt,
+			      name, LOOKUP_PARENT, &nd);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	dentry = lookup_create(&nd, 1);
+	if (!IS_ERR(dentry)) {
+		err = vfs_mkdir(nd.path.dentry->d_inode, dentry, mode);
+		dput(dentry);
+	} else {
+		err = PTR_ERR(dentry);
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&nd.path.dentry->d_inode->i_mutex);
+
+	path_put(&nd.path);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int dev_symlink(const char *target, const char *name)
+{
+	struct nameidata nd;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	int err;
+
+	err = vfs_path_lookup(dev_mnt->mnt_root, dev_mnt,
+			      name, LOOKUP_PARENT, &nd);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	dentry = lookup_create(&nd, 0);
+	if (!IS_ERR(dentry)) {
+		err = vfs_symlink(nd.path.dentry->d_inode, dentry, target);
+		dput(dentry);
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&nd.path.dentry->d_inode->i_mutex);
+
+	path_put(&nd.path);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int create_path(const char *nodepath)
+{
+	char *path;
+	struct nameidata nd;
+	int err = 0;
+
+	path = kstrdup(nodepath, GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!path)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	err = vfs_path_lookup(dev_mnt->mnt_root, dev_mnt,
+			      path, LOOKUP_PARENT, &nd);
+	if (err == 0) {
+		struct dentry *dentry;
+
+		/* create directory right away */
+		dentry = lookup_create(&nd, 1);
+		if (!IS_ERR(dentry)) {
+			err = vfs_mkdir(nd.path.dentry->d_inode,
+					dentry, 0775);
+			dput(dentry);
+		}
+		mutex_unlock(&nd.path.dentry->d_inode->i_mutex);
+
+		path_put(&nd.path);
+	} else if (err == -ENOENT) {
+		char *s;
+
+		/* parent directories do not exist, create them */
+		s = path;
+		while (1) {
+			s = strchr(s, '/');
+			if (!s)
+				break;
+			s[0] = '\0';
+			err = dev_mkdir(path, 0755);
+			if (err && err != -EEXIST)
+				;//break;
+			s[0] = '/';
+			s++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	kfree(path);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int devtmpfs_create_node(struct device *dev)
+{
+	const char *tmp = NULL;
+	const char *nodename;
+	mode_t mode;
+	struct nameidata nd;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	int err;
+
+	if (!dev_mnt)
+		return 0;
+
+	nodename = device_get_nodename(dev, &tmp);
+	if (!nodename)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	if (dev->class == &block_class)
+		mode = S_IFBLK|0600;
+	else
+		mode = S_IFCHR|0600;
+
+	err = vfs_path_lookup(dev_mnt->mnt_root, dev_mnt,
+			      nodename, LOOKUP_PARENT, &nd);
+	if (err == -ENOENT) {
+		/* create missing parent directories */
+		create_path(nodename);
+		err = vfs_path_lookup(dev_mnt->mnt_root, dev_mnt,
+				      nodename, LOOKUP_PARENT, &nd);
+		if (err)
+			goto out_name;
+	}
+
+	dentry = lookup_create(&nd, 0);
+	if (!IS_ERR(dentry)) {
+		err = vfs_mknod(nd.path.dentry->d_inode,
+				dentry, mode, dev->devt);
+		dput(dentry);
+	} else {
+		err = PTR_ERR(dentry);
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&nd.path.dentry->d_inode->i_mutex);
+
+	path_put(&nd.path);
+out_name:
+	kfree(tmp);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int dev_rmdir(const char *name)
+{
+	struct nameidata nd;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	int err;
+
+	err = vfs_path_lookup(dev_mnt->mnt_root, dev_mnt,
+			      name, LOOKUP_PARENT, &nd);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	mutex_lock_nested(&nd.path.dentry->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
+	dentry = lookup_one_len(nd.last.name, nd.path.dentry, nd.last.len);
+	if (!IS_ERR(dentry)) {
+		if (dentry->d_inode)
+			err = vfs_rmdir(nd.path.dentry->d_inode, dentry);
+		else
+			err = -ENOENT;
+		dput(dentry);
+	} else {
+		err = PTR_ERR(dentry);
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&nd.path.dentry->d_inode->i_mutex);
+
+	path_put(&nd.path);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int delete_path(const char *nodepath)
+{
+	const char *path;
+	int err = 0;
+
+	path = kstrdup(nodepath, GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!path)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	while (1) {
+		char *base;
+
+		base = strrchr(path, '/');
+		if (!base)
+			break;
+		base[0] = '\0';
+		err = dev_rmdir(path);
+		if (err)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	kfree(path);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* never delete a node that userspace has changed */
+static int dev_unchanged(struct device *dev, struct kstat *stat)
+{
+	if (stat->uid != 0 || stat->gid != 0)
+		return 0;
+	if (dev->class == &block_class) {
+		if (stat->mode != (S_IFBLK|0600))
+			return 0;
+	} else {
+		if (stat->mode != (S_IFCHR|0600))
+			return 0;
+	}
+	if (stat->rdev != dev->devt)
+		return 0;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int devtmpfs_delete_node(struct device *dev)
+{
+	const char *tmp = NULL;
+	const char *nodename;
+	struct nameidata nd;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct kstat stat;
+	int deleted = 1;
+	int err;
+
+	if (!dev_mnt)
+		return 0;
+
+	nodename = device_get_nodename(dev, &tmp);
+	if (!nodename)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	err = vfs_path_lookup(dev_mnt->mnt_root, dev_mnt,
+			      nodename, LOOKUP_PARENT, &nd);
+	if (err)
+		goto out_name;
+
+	mutex_lock_nested(&nd.path.dentry->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
+	dentry = lookup_one_len(nd.last.name, nd.path.dentry, nd.last.len);
+	if (!IS_ERR(dentry)) {
+		if (dentry->d_inode) {
+			err = vfs_getattr(nd.path.mnt, dentry, &stat);
+			if (!err && dev_unchanged(dev, &stat)) {
+				err = vfs_unlink(nd.path.dentry->d_inode,
+						 dentry);
+				if (err == 0 || err == -ENOENT)
+					deleted = 1;
+			}
+		} else {
+			err = -ENOENT;
+		}
+		dput(dentry);
+	} else {
+		err = PTR_ERR(dentry);
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&nd.path.dentry->d_inode->i_mutex);
+
+	path_put(&nd.path);
+	if (deleted && strchr(nodename, '/'))
+		delete_path(nodename);
+out_name:
+	kfree(tmp);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* After the root filesystem is mounted by the kernel at /root, or the
+ * initramfs in extracted at /root, this tmpfs will be mounted at /root/dev.
+ */
+int devtmpfs_mount(const char *mountpoint)
+{
+	struct path path;
+	int err;
+
+	if (!dev_mnt)
+		return 0;
+
+	err = kern_path(mountpoint, LOOKUP_FOLLOW, &path);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+	err = do_add_mount(dev_mnt, &path, 0, NULL);
+	if (err)
+		printk(KERN_INFO "devtmpfs: error mounting %i\n", err);
+	else
+		printk(KERN_INFO "devtmpfs: mounted\n");
+	path_put(&path);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create tmpfs mount, created core devices will add their device device
+ * nodes here.
+ */
+__init int devtmpfs_init(void)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	dev_mnt = do_kern_mount("tmpfs", 0, "devtmpfs", NULL);
+	if (IS_ERR(dev_mnt)) {
+		err = PTR_ERR(dev_mnt);
+		printk(KERN_ERR "devtmpfs: unable to initialize %i\n", err);
+		dev_mnt = NULL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	/* create common files/directories */
+	dev_mkdir("pts", 0755);
+	dev_mkdir("shm", 01755);
+	dev_symlink("/proc/self/fd", "fd");
+	dev_symlink("/proc/self/fd/0", "stdin");
+	dev_symlink("/proc/self/fd/1", "stdout");
+	dev_symlink("/proc/self/fd/2", "stderr");
+	printk(KERN_INFO "devtmpfs: initialized\n");
+	return 0;
+}
--- a/drivers/base/init.c
+++ b/drivers/base/init.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 void __init driver_init(void)
 {
 	/* These are the core pieces */
+	devtmpfs_init();
 	devices_init();
 	buses_init();
 	classes_init();
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_sysfs.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_sysfs.c
@@ -70,6 +70,11 @@ static ssize_t version_show(struct class
 		       CORE_MINOR, CORE_PATCHLEVEL, CORE_DATE);
 }
 
+static char *drm_nodename(struct device *dev)
+{
+	return kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "dri/%s", dev_name(dev));
+}
+
 static CLASS_ATTR(version, S_IRUGO, version_show, NULL);
 
 /**
@@ -101,6 +106,8 @@ struct class *drm_sysfs_create(struct mo
 	if (err)
 		goto err_out_class;
 
+	class->nodename = drm_nodename;
+
 	return class;
 
 err_out_class:
--- a/drivers/input/input.c
+++ b/drivers/input/input.c
@@ -1238,8 +1238,14 @@ static struct device_type input_dev_type
 	.uevent		= input_dev_uevent,
 };
 
+static char *input_nodename(struct device *dev)
+{
+	return kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "input/%s", dev_name(dev));
+}
+
 struct class input_class = {
 	.name		= "input",
+	.nodename	= input_nodename,
 };
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(input_class);
 
--- a/drivers/media/dvb/dvb-core/dvbdev.c
+++ b/drivers/media/dvb/dvb-core/dvbdev.c
@@ -447,6 +447,15 @@ static int dvb_uevent(struct device *dev
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static char *dvb_nodename(struct device *dev)
+{
+	struct dvb_device *dvbdev = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
+
+	return kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "dvb/adapter%d/%s%d",
+		dvbdev->adapter->num, dnames[dvbdev->type], dvbdev->id);
+}
+
+
 static int __init init_dvbdev(void)
 {
 	int retval;
@@ -469,6 +478,7 @@ static int __init init_dvbdev(void)
 		goto error;
 	}
 	dvb_class->dev_uevent = dvb_uevent;
+	dvb_class->nodename = dvb_nodename;
 	return 0;
 
 error:
--- a/drivers/usb/core/usb.c
+++ b/drivers/usb/core/usb.c
@@ -305,10 +305,21 @@ static struct dev_pm_ops usb_device_pm_o
 
 #endif	/* CONFIG_PM */
 
+
+static char *usb_nodename(struct device *dev)
+{
+	struct usb_device *usb_dev;
+
+	usb_dev = to_usb_device(dev);
+	return kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "bus/usb/%03d/%03d",
+			 usb_dev->bus->busnum, usb_dev->devnum);
+}
+
 struct device_type usb_device_type = {
 	.name =		"usb_device",
 	.release =	usb_release_dev,
 	.uevent =	usb_dev_uevent,
+	.nodename = 	usb_nodename,
 	.pm =		&usb_device_pm_ops,
 };
 
--- a/include/linux/device.h
+++ b/include/linux/device.h
@@ -194,6 +194,7 @@ struct class {
 	struct kobject			*dev_kobj;
 
 	int (*dev_uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
+	char *(*nodename)(struct device *dev);
 
 	void (*class_release)(struct class *class);
 	void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);
@@ -289,6 +290,7 @@ struct device_type {
 	const char *name;
 	struct attribute_group **groups;
 	int (*uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
+	char *(*nodename)(struct device *dev);
 	void (*release)(struct device *dev);
 
 	int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
@@ -369,6 +371,7 @@ struct device_dma_parameters {
 
 struct device {
 	struct device		*parent;
+	char *(*nodename)(struct device *dev);
 
 	struct device_private	*p;
 
@@ -496,6 +499,7 @@ extern struct device *device_find_child(
 extern int device_rename(struct device *dev, char *new_name);
 extern int device_move(struct device *dev, struct device *new_parent,
 		       enum dpm_order dpm_order);
+extern const char *device_get_nodename(struct device *dev, const char **tmp);
 
 /*
  * Root device objects for grouping under /sys/devices
@@ -553,6 +557,16 @@ extern void put_device(struct device *de
 
 extern void wait_for_device_probe(void);
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_DEVTMPFS
+extern int devtmpfs_create_node(struct device *dev);
+extern int devtmpfs_delete_node(struct device *dev);
+extern int devtmpfs_mount(const char *mountpoint);
+#else
+static inline int devtmpfs_create_node(struct device *dev) { return 0; }
+static inline int devtmpfs_delete_node(struct device *dev) { return 0; }
+static inline int devtmpfs_mount(const char *mountpoint) { return 0; }
+#endif
+
 /* drivers/base/power/shutdown.c */
 extern void device_shutdown(void);
 
--- a/include/linux/shmem_fs.h
+++ b/include/linux/shmem_fs.h
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ static inline struct shmem_inode_info *S
 	return container_of(inode, struct shmem_inode_info, vfs_inode);
 }
 
+extern int init_tmpfs(void);
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_TMPFS_POSIX_ACL
 int shmem_permission(struct inode *, int);
 int shmem_acl_init(struct inode *, struct inode *);
--- a/init/do_mounts.c
+++ b/init/do_mounts.c
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ void __init prepare_namespace(void)
 
 	mount_root();
 out:
+	devtmpfs_mount("dev");
 	sys_mount(".", "/", NULL, MS_MOVE, NULL);
 	sys_chroot(".");
 }
-
--- a/init/initramfs.c
+++ b/init/initramfs.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <linux/dirent.h>
 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
 #include <linux/utime.h>
+#include <linux/device.h>
 
 static __initdata char *message;
 static void __init error(char *x)
@@ -604,6 +605,7 @@ static int __init populate_rootfs(void)
 			printk(KERN_EMERG "%s\n", err);
 		} else {
 			printk(" done\n");
+			devtmpfs_mount("dev");
 		}
 		free_initrd();
 #endif
--- a/init/main.c
+++ b/init/main.c
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 #include <linux/idr.h>
 #include <linux/ftrace.h>
 #include <linux/async.h>
+#include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
 #include <trace/boot.h>
 
 #include <asm/io.h>
@@ -778,6 +779,7 @@ static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
 	init_workqueues();
 	cpuset_init_smp();
 	usermodehelper_init();
+	init_tmpfs();
 	driver_init();
 	init_irq_proc();
 	do_initcalls();
--- a/mm/shmem.c
+++ b/mm/shmem.c
@@ -2519,7 +2519,7 @@ static struct file_system_type tmpfs_fs_
 	.kill_sb	= kill_litter_super,
 };
 
-static int __init init_tmpfs(void)
+int __init init_tmpfs(void)
 {
 	int error;
 
@@ -2687,5 +2687,3 @@ int shmem_zero_setup(struct vm_area_stru
 	vma->vm_ops = &shmem_vm_ops;
 	return 0;
 }
-
-module_init(init_tmpfs)
--- a/sound/sound_core.c
+++ b/sound/sound_core.c
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Core sound module");
 MODULE_AUTHOR("Alan Cox");
 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
 
+static char *sound_nodename(struct device *dev)
+{
+	return kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "snd/%s", dev_name(dev));
+}
+
 static int __init init_soundcore(void)
 {
 	int rc;
@@ -41,6 +46,8 @@ static int __init init_soundcore(void)
 		return PTR_ERR(sound_class);
 	}
 
+	sound_class->nodename = sound_nodename;
+
 	return 0;
 }
 


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