Re: [PATCH v4 3/3] mm/free_pcppages_bulk: prefetch buddy while not holding lock

From: Aaron Lu
Date: Fri Mar 02 2018 - 03:27:03 EST


On Thu, Mar 01, 2018 at 04:09:50PM -0800, Andrew Morton wrote:
> On Thu, 1 Mar 2018 14:28:45 +0800 Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@xxxxxxxxx> wrote:
>
> > When a page is freed back to the global pool, its buddy will be checked
> > to see if it's possible to do a merge. This requires accessing buddy's
> > page structure and that access could take a long time if it's cache cold.
> >
> > This patch adds a prefetch to the to-be-freed page's buddy outside of
> > zone->lock in hope of accessing buddy's page structure later under
> > zone->lock will be faster. Since we *always* do buddy merging and check
> > an order-0 page's buddy to try to merge it when it goes into the main
> > allocator, the cacheline will always come in, i.e. the prefetched data
> > will never be unused.
> >
> > In the meantime, there are two concerns:
> > 1 the prefetch could potentially evict existing cachelines, especially
> > for L1D cache since it is not huge;
> > 2 there is some additional instruction overhead, namely calculating
> > buddy pfn twice.
> >
> > For 1, it's hard to say, this microbenchmark though shows good result but
> > the actual benefit of this patch will be workload/CPU dependant;
> > For 2, since the calculation is a XOR on two local variables, it's expected
> > in many cases that cycles spent will be offset by reduced memory latency
> > later. This is especially true for NUMA machines where multiple CPUs are
> > contending on zone->lock and the most time consuming part under zone->lock
> > is the wait of 'struct page' cacheline of the to-be-freed pages and their
> > buddies.
> >
> > Test with will-it-scale/page_fault1 full load:
> >
> > kernel Broadwell(2S) Skylake(2S) Broadwell(4S) Skylake(4S)
> > v4.16-rc2+ 9034215 7971818 13667135 15677465
> > patch2/3 9536374 +5.6% 8314710 +4.3% 14070408 +3.0% 16675866 +6.4%
> > this patch 10338868 +8.4% 8544477 +2.8% 14839808 +5.5% 17155464 +2.9%
> > Note: this patch's performance improvement percent is against patch2/3.
> >
> > ...
> >
> > @@ -1150,6 +1153,18 @@ static void free_pcppages_bulk(struct zone *zone, int count,
> > continue;
> >
> > list_add_tail(&page->lru, &head);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * We are going to put the page back to the global
> > + * pool, prefetch its buddy to speed up later access
> > + * under zone->lock. It is believed the overhead of
> > + * calculating buddy_pfn here can be offset by reduced
> > + * memory latency later.
> > + */
> > + pfn = page_to_pfn(page);
> > + buddy_pfn = __find_buddy_pfn(pfn, 0);
> > + buddy = page + (buddy_pfn - pfn);
> > + prefetch(buddy);
>
> What is the typical list length here? Maybe it's approximately the pcp
> batch size which is typically 128 pages?

Most of time it is pcp->batch, unless when pcp's pages need to be
all drained like in drain_local_pages(zone).

The pcp->batch has a default value of 31 and its upper limit is 96 for
x86_64. For this test, it is 31 here, I didn't manipulate
/proc/sys/vm/percpu_pagelist_fraction to change it.

With this said, the count here could be pcp->count when pcp's pages
need to be all drained and though pcp->count's default value is
(6*pcp->batch)=186, user can increase that value through the above
mentioned procfs interface and the resulting pcp->count could be too
big for prefetch. Ying also mentioned this today and suggested adding
an upper limit here to avoid prefetching too much. Perhaps just prefetch
the last pcp->batch pages if count here > pcp->batch? Since pcp->batch
has an upper limit, we won't need to worry prefetching too much.

>
> If so, I'm a bit surprised that it is effective to prefetch 128 page
> frames before using any them for real. I guess they'll fit in the L2
> cache. Thoughts?