Re: [PATCH 0/4] sched/fair: SMT-aware asymmetric CPU capacity

[Shrikanth Hegde]

Hi Andrea.

On 3/26/26 8:32 PM, Andrea Righi wrote:
> This series attempts to improve SD_ASYM_CPUCAPACITY scheduling by
> introducing SMT awareness.
>
> = Problem =
>
> Nominal per-logical-CPU capacity can overstate usable compute when an SMT
> sibling is busy, because the physical core doesn't deliver its full nominal
> capacity. So, several SD_ASYM_CPUCAPACITY paths may pick high capacity CPUs
> that are not actually good destinations.

How does energy model define the opp for SMT?

SMT systems have multiple of different functional blocks, a few ALU(arithmetic),
LSU(load store unit) etc. If same/similar workload runs on sibling, it would affect the
performance, but sibling is using different functional blocks, then it would
not.

So underlying actual CPU Capacity of each thread depends on what each sibling is running.
I don't understand how does the firmware/energy models define this.

> = Proposed Solution =
>
> This patch set aligns those paths with a simple rule already used
> elsewhere: when SMT is active, prefer fully idle cores and avoid treating
> partially idle SMT siblings as full-capacity targets where that would
> mislead load balance.
>
> Patch set summary:
>
>   - [PATCH 1/4] sched/fair: Prefer fully-idle SMT cores in asym-capacity idle selection
>
>     Prefer fully-idle SMT cores in asym-capacity idle selection. In the
>     wakeup fast path, extend select_idle_capacity() / asym_fits_cpu() so
>     idle selection can prefer CPUs on fully idle cores, with a safe fallback.
>
>   - [PATCH 2/4] sched/fair: Reject misfit pulls onto busy SMT siblings on asym-capacity
>
>     Reject misfit pulls onto busy SMT siblings on SD_ASYM_CPUCAPACITY.
>     Provided for consistency with PATCH 1/4.
>
>   - [PATCH 3/4] sched/fair: Enable EAS with SMT on SD_ASYM_CPUCAPACITY systems
>
>     Enable EAS with SD_ASYM_CPUCAPACITY and SMT. Also provided for
>     consistency with PATCH 1/4. I've also tested with/without
>     /proc/sys/kernel/sched_energy_aware enabled (same platform) and haven't
>     noticed any regression.
>
>   - [PATCH 4/4] sched/fair: Prefer fully-idle SMT core for NOHZ idle load balancer
>
>     When choosing the housekeeping CPU that runs the idle load balancer,
>     prefer an idle CPU on a fully idle core so migrated work lands where
>     effective capacity is available.
>
>     The change is still consistent with the same "avoid CPUs with busy
>     sibling" logic and it shows some benefits on Vera, but could have
>     negative impact on other systems, I'm including it for completeness
>     (feedback is appreciated).
>
> This patch set has been tested on the new NVIDIA Vera Rubin platform, where
> SMT is enabled and the firmware exposes small frequency variations (+/-~5%)
> as differences in CPU capacity, resulting in SD_ASYM_CPUCAPACITY being set.

I assume the CPU_CAPACITY values fixed?
first sibling has max, while other has less?

> Without these patches, performance can drop up to ~2x with CPU-intensive
> workloads, because the SD_ASYM_CPUCAPACITY idle selection policy does not
> account for busy SMT siblings.

How is the performance measured here? Which benchmark?
By any chance you are running number_running_task <= (nr_cpus / smt_threads_per_core),
so it is all fitting nicely?

If you increase those numbers, how does the performance numbers compare?

Also, whats the system is like? SMT level?

> Alternative approaches have been evaluated, such as equalizing CPU
> capacities, either by exposing uniform values via firmware (ACPI/CPPC) or
> normalizing them in the kernel by grouping CPUs within a small capacity
> window (+-5%) [1][2], or enabling asympacking [3].
>
> However, adding SMT awareness to SD_ASYM_CPUCAPACITY has shown better
> results so far. Improving this policy also seems worthwhile in general, as
> other platforms in the future may enable SMT with asymmetric CPU
> topologies.
>
> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20260324005509.1134981-1-arighi@xxxxxxxxxx
> [2] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20260318092214.130908-1-arighi@xxxxxxxxxx
> [3] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260325181314.3875909-1-christian.loehle@xxxxxxx/
>
> Andrea Righi (4):
>        sched/fair: Prefer fully-idle SMT cores in asym-capacity idle selection
>        sched/fair: Reject misfit pulls onto busy SMT siblings on asym-capacity
>        sched/fair: Enable EAS with SMT on SD_ASYM_CPUCAPACITY systems
>        sched/fair: Prefer fully-idle SMT core for NOHZ idle load balancer
>
>   kernel/sched/fair.c     | 163 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
>   kernel/sched/topology.c |   9 ---
>   2 files changed, 147 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)