Re: [PATCH v3 03/26] mm: introduce AS_NO_DIRECT_MAP

[Sean Christopherson]

On Thu, Aug 06, 2026, Yosry Ahmed wrote:
> On Thu, Aug 6, 2026 at 5:19 PM Sean Christopherson <seanjc@xxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
> > > >  2. Always access guest memory through userspace mappings, i.e. through uaccess.
> > > >
> > > > #2 sounds nice, but the problem is that it effectively requires hand-coded assembly
> > > > sequences for anything more complex than basic load/store operations.  Which isn't
> > > > a complete non-starter, but it's a pretty big blocker.  E.g. see the mess that is
> > > > record_steal_time(), and then imagine trying to convert something like
> > > > nested_vmx_prepare_msr_bitmap() to use uaccess.
> > > >
> > > > So, unless someone comes up with a clever idea, KVM will need something GUP-like.
> > > > Strictly speaking, it doesn't necessarily need to be exactly GUP, because KVM could
> > > > poke into guest_memfd directly; KVM would "just" need to manually track its own
> > > > mappings.
> > >
> > > Ideally we can have shared infrastructure for this (i.e. the mermap).
> > >
> > > > But on x86 at least, that's not really a viable option because it only
> > > > works for map-rarely, read/write-many use cases.  For one-off accesses, creating
> > > > and destroying (very) shortlived mappings would be too costly, and so we'd want
> > > > those to go through uaccess.
> > >
> > > Not necessarily (I hope). I think the mermap pre-allocates page tables
> > > (or some of them) and defers some TLB flushes, it's aimed at
> > > short-lived mappings (e.g. for read() syscalls to map a file page,
> > > copy to buffer, then unmap).
> >
> > I highly recommend testing shadow paging if you have aspirations of replacing
> > the get_user() in FNAME(walk_addr_generic) with an on-demand mapping.  I would
> > be (pleasantly) shocked if dynamic mappings can provide acceptable performance.
> 
> Oh I was thinking of existing cases where KVM uses kernel mappings (e.g.
> kvm_vcpu_map()), as these are the ones where KVM uses GUP now, and need to
> work for AS_NO_DIRECT_MAP to be usable. I assume the get_user() calls are
> already a problem for guest_memfd.  

They aren't.  KVM doesn't yet support in-place conversion, so when guest_memfd is
used for private memory, the backing for shared memory must come from something
other than guest_memfd.  If the guest does something to prompt a host/KVM access
to memory that is private or doesn't have a valid backing, then it's either a
guest bug or a host userspace VMM bug.

When guest_memfd is being used for shared memory, i.e. was created with
GUEST_MEMFD_FLAG_INIT_SHARED, then get_user() Just Works, because again it's
userspace's responsibility to establish mappings for memory that KVM may need to
access.

All of that holds true for when in-place conversion comes along: if get_user()
hits a fault, either the guest or userspace screwed up.

> AS_NO_DIRECT_MAP will surely make it a bigger problem, but not a new one :P

Well, if it disallows GUP, that will be a new problem.

> > > > At that point, userspace is basically required to
> > > > maintain mappings for all host-accessible guest memory, and if there are userspace
> > > > mappings, then not using GUP doesn't make much sense.
> > > >
> > > > Note, I called out x86 because x86 has the most extensive emulator and shadow
> > > > paging support, which is where the isolated, one-off accesses happen in spades.
> > > > Other architectures might be able to squeak by without userspace mappings, at
> > > > least for now.
> > > >
> > > > So, in all likelihood, KVM will want GUP.
> > >
> > > Yeah I am thinking that the check here to disallow GUP completely for
> > > unmapped pages is aggressive. Maybe it works for now if KVM does not
> > > currently have any use cases for accessing guest_memfd memory. But if it does
> > > (or will very soon), we need to think more about it, otherwise
> > > AS_NO_DIRECT_MAP is not really usable for guest_memfd. Since you said KVM
> > > "will want" GUP, I assume it currently doesn't?
> >
> > Doesn't what?  Have GUP?  KVM heavily uses GUP, including for guest_memfd that
> > can be mapped into userspace.
> 
> Your wording made me think that KVM doesn't currently use GUP for
> guest_memfd, but I was obviously wrong. So IIUC GUP needs to succeed for
> guest_memfd pages with AS_NO_DIRECT_MAP. 

Yes, though as I said early, it doesn't *have* to be exactly GUP, just something
GUP-like.  E.g. it could be a new API, if that's easier/cleaner.  What I don't
think is a good idea though is handling this entirely in KVM/guest_memfd.

> To actually access the memory, I assume the guest_memfd side will need to
> handle this by either using ephemeral mappings (e.g. mermap), restoring and
> zapping direct mappings, or using a userspace mapping. I suppose for the
> purposes of AS_NO_DIRECT_MAP core support we just need GUP to succeed?

And establish a (ephemeral?) kernel mapping, because general users of GUP will
expect that they can access the physical memory through the direct map.  That's
why I didn't want to handle any of this in KVM[*], the rules and handling need
to be kernel-wide.

[*] https://lore.kernel.org/all/aeemS2wm38Cm4qAf@xxxxxxxxxx