Sorry - message got broken my mailer ...
-
Hi Linus, hi Alan, hi everybody else not explicitly mentioned,
here's a patch for testing (comments please cc: to me) and
inclusion for the 2.3 series (if believed to be ok).
Short summary:
More and more programs (eg CGI-Scripts) use the PID as pseudo-random number.
As this isn't really random and easily guessed from the outside (esp. with
daemons loaded while booting) it's a little bit troublesome.
My patch allows some kind of modification to the current routing which just
increments the last pid until a free pid is found.
Possible are
- last_pid+1 (as before);
- complete random (entropy pool);
- low and/or high byte randomness added;
- multiply last_pid with prime, add another prime;
- pseudo-random.
It makes this changes:
- defines PID_MIN (before hardcoded)
- makes new entry /proc/sys/proc/pidallocation (global variable
pid_alloc_strategy)
- defines inlined function get_pid_using_strategy called from get_pid,
which handles the actual calculations
- changes get_pid to use that function.
Attached is some documentation regarding performance before and after -
can somebody please explain why the stock kernel is *slower* than the
modified with a multiplication inside??
As rule-of-thumb: performance is slightly better (-0,6%) to 17% slower
with complete randomness (losing entropy) at about +10%.
As my machine only has 32MB memory I couldn't test this with a high number of processes - it kills some when reaching 1090 or so ...
Please test (with many processes active), and, if ok, include it into 2.3.
PS: Please note the "COX worth 10K" in line 106 of the uuencode ... ;-)
diff -urN -x *.a -x *.o -x vmlinu* -x compile.h linux-2.2.13.orig/Documentation/sysctl/proc.txt linux-2.2.13/Documentation/sysctl/proc.txt
--- linux-2.2.13.orig/Documentation/sysctl/proc.txt Thu Jan 1 01:00:00 1970
+++ linux-2.2.13/Documentation/sysctl/proc.txt Wed Jan 5 19:18:12 2000
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+
+Documentation for /proc/sys/proc/* kernel version 2.2.13
+ (c) 1998, 1999, Ph. Marek <marek@bmlv.gv.at>
+ shamelessly copied from vm.txt
+
+For general info and legal blurb, please look in README.
+
+==============================================================
+
+This file contains the documentation for the sysctl files in
+/proc/sys/proc and is valid for Linux kernel version 2.2.
+
+The files in this directory can be used to tune some process
+related operations inside the kernel.
+
+Default values are mostly zero; noted if otherwise.
+
+Currently, these files are in /proc/sys/proc:
+- pidallocation
+
+==============================================================
+
+pidallocation:
+
+The (integer) value herein controls the generation of new pids.
+The default value of 0 (and every not otherwise used) results
+in the "normal" operation used before; ie., the pid's are linear
+raising.
+A value of -1 results in random-generated pid's; the randomness
+is taken from the entropy pool via get_random_bytes.
+For all other values the following bits are processed in the given order:
+Bit 3 : pseudo-random generator, according to "Numbers at Random"
+ by Ivars Petersen, Science News Vol. 140 (9. Nov. 1991) p300
+Bit 2 : multiply with one prime, add another prime.
+Bit 1 : Random byte << 8 (0,256,512,768,1024,...) added to last_pid.
+Bit 0 : Random byte (0..255) added to last_pid.
+
+The runtimes vary on my slightly loaded machine (Celeron 300)
+from 720µs to 848µs (727µs with type 0, stock kernel 724µs) [maximum +17.8%]
+
diff -urN -x *.a -x *.o -x vmlinu* -x compile.h linux-2.2.13.orig/include/linux/sched.h linux-2.2.13/include/linux/sched.h
--- linux-2.2.13.orig/include/linux/sched.h Sun Dec 5 19:00:24 1999
+++ linux-2.2.13/include/linux/sched.h Sat Jan 1 23:13:23 2000
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
#define CT_TO_USECS(x) (((x) % HZ) * 1000000/HZ)
extern int nr_running, nr_tasks;
-extern int last_pid;
+extern int last_pid,pid_alloc_strategy;
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/time.h>
diff -urN -x *.a -x *.o -x vmlinu* -x compile.h linux-2.2.13.orig/include/linux/sysctl.h linux-2.2.13/include/linux/sysctl.h
--- linux-2.2.13.orig/include/linux/sysctl.h Wed Oct 20 02:14:02 1999
+++ linux-2.2.13/include/linux/sysctl.h Sat Jan 1 21:37:18 2000
@@ -107,6 +107,12 @@
KERN_SHMALL=41 /* int: maximum size of shared memory */
};
+/* PROC names: */
+enum
+{
+ PR_PIDALLOC=1 /* Pid Allocation Strategy - linear, random ... */
+};
+
/* CTL_VM names: */
enum
diff -urN -x *.a -x *.o -x vmlinu* -x compile.h linux-2.2.13.orig/include/linux/tasks.h linux-2.2.13/include/linux/tasks.h
--- linux-2.2.13.orig/include/linux/tasks.h Mon Nov 8 19:28:36 1999
+++ linux-2.2.13/include/linux/tasks.h Sat Jan 1 23:10:28 2000
@@ -18,8 +18,11 @@
/*
- * This controls the maximum pid allocated to a process
+ * This controls the maximum & minimum pid allocated to a process
+ * minimum MUST be 2^n - see kernel/fork.c:get_pid
*/
#define PID_MAX 0x8000
+#define PID_MIN 0x100
+
#endif
Binary files linux-2.2.13.orig/kernel/.fork.c.swo and linux-2.2.13/kernel/.fork.c.swo differ
diff -urN -x *.a -x *.o -x vmlinu* -x compile.h linux-2.2.13.orig/kernel/fork.c linux-2.2.13/kernel/fork.c
--- linux-2.2.13.orig/kernel/fork.c Wed Oct 20 02:14:02 1999
+++ linux-2.2.13/kernel/fork.c Wed Jan 5 18:16:00 2000
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
#include <linux/smp_lock.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
+#include <linux/random.h>
#include <asm/pgtable.h>
#include <asm/mmu_context.h>
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@
unsigned long int total_forks=0; /* Handle normal Linux uptimes. */
int last_pid=0;
+int pid_alloc_strategy=0;
/* SLAB cache for mm_struct's. */
kmem_cache_t *mm_cachep;
@@ -185,6 +187,74 @@
/* Protects next_safe and last_pid. */
spinlock_t lastpid_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
+
+/* Inserted 010100 :-) marek@bmlv.gv.at */
+inline int get_pid_using_strategy(int *last_pid)
+{
+ int tmp;
+ unsigned char rnd;
+ static int counter=2;
+
+ if (total_forks==0)
+ return ++(*last_pid); /* init = 1 */
+
+ if (pid_alloc_strategy==0)
+ {
+ tmp = *last_pid + 1;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ if (pid_alloc_strategy == -1)
+ {
+ get_random_bytes(&tmp,sizeof(tmp));
+ tmp+=*last_pid;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ tmp=*last_pid;
+
+ if (pid_alloc_strategy & 8)
+ {
+ tmp=counter;
+ counter+= *last_pid;
+ if (counter < *last_pid) counter++; /* Overflow */
+ tmp=counter;
+ /* *last_pid = tmp below */
+ }
+
+ if (pid_alloc_strategy & 4)
+ tmp = tmp * 797 + 1249; /* both prime */
+
+ if (pid_alloc_strategy & 2)
+ {
+ get_random_bytes(&rnd,sizeof(rnd));
+ tmp += rnd << 8;
+ }
+
+ if (pid_alloc_strategy & 1)
+ {
+ get_random_bytes(&rnd,sizeof(rnd));
+ tmp += rnd;
+ }
+ } /* strategy != -1 */
+ } /* strategy != 0 */
+
+#if (PID_MAX & (PID_MAX-1) ) == 0
+ /* PID_MAX = 2 ^ x - normal case !!!!! */
+ tmp &= PID_MAX - 1;
+#else
+ /* PID_MAX != 2 ^ x - can be time consuming!!! */
+ tmp = ((unsigned)tmp) % PID_MAX;
+#endif
+
+ *last_pid = tmp;
+
+ if (*last_pid < PID_MIN) /* Skip daemons etc. */
+ *last_pid=PID_MIN+1;
+ return *last_pid;
+}
+
+
static int get_pid(unsigned long flags)
{
static int next_safe = PID_MAX;
@@ -194,8 +264,8 @@
return current->pid;
spin_lock(&lastpid_lock);
- if((++last_pid) & 0xffff8000) {
- last_pid = 300; /* Skip daemons etc. */
+ if(get_pid_using_strategy(&last_pid) & (~(PID_MAX-1))) {
+ /* Better check - but not needed here. won't happen? */
goto inside;
}
if(last_pid >= next_safe) {
@@ -207,9 +277,7 @@
if(p->pid == last_pid ||
p->pgrp == last_pid ||
p->session == last_pid) {
- if(++last_pid >= next_safe) {
- if(last_pid & 0xffff8000)
- last_pid = 300;
+ if(get_pid_using_strategy(&last_pid) >= next_safe) {
next_safe = PID_MAX;
}
goto repeat;
diff -urN -x *.a -x *.o -x vmlinu* -x compile.h linux-2.2.13.orig/kernel/sysctl.c linux-2.2.13/kernel/sysctl.c
--- linux-2.2.13.orig/kernel/sysctl.c Sat Jan 1 21:35:14 2000
+++ linux-2.2.13/kernel/sysctl.c Sat Jan 1 21:58:32 2000
@@ -251,6 +251,8 @@
};
static ctl_table proc_table[] = {
+ {PR_PIDALLOC, "pidallocation",
+ &pid_alloc_strategy, sizeof(pid_alloc_strategy), 0644, NULL, &proc_dointvec},
{0}
};
documentation.tar.gz listing:
doc/
doc/times.sort.txt
doc/times.txt
doc/fork-new.s
doc/fork-suse.s
doc/proc.txt
doc/performance.txt
perftest/
perftest/rpid.c
perftest/rpid.run.sh
perftest/Makefile
perftest/suse-kernel.131072.txt
begin 644 documentation.tar.gz
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`
end
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