On Friday 26 July 2002 19:59, Russell Lewis wrote:
> I have spent some time working on AIX, which pages its kernel memory.
> It pins the interrupt handler functions, and any data that they access,
> but does not pin the other code.
>
> I'm looking for links as to why (unless I'm mistaken) Linux doesn't do
> this, so I can better understand the system.
You could say that most of the kernel memory is paged because it consists of
disk cache and pages that are handed out to be mapped into process memory.
Slab caches - The kernel's working memory - are not paged at all. Instead,
certain 'well-known' caches (inode, dentry, quota) are scanned for
inactive/unused objects, which are evicted on the theory that they can be
readily reconstructed from the file store if needed again. Buffer heads are
treated similarly, but with a different mechanism.
That leaves quite a few bits and pieces of slab cache in the 'misc' category
(including all kmalloc'd memory) and I guess we just cross our fingers, try
not to be too wasteful with it, and hope for the best.
There are two elephants in the bathtub: the mem_map array, which holds a few
bytes of state information for each physical page in the system, and page
tables, neither of which are swapped or pruned in any way. We are now
beginning to suffer pretty badly because of this, on certain high end
configurations. The problem is, these structures have to keep track of much
more than just the kernel memory. The former has to have entries for all of
the high memory pages (not addressable within the kernel's normal virtual
address space) and the latter has to keep track of pages mapped into every
task in the system, in other words, a virtually unlimited amount of memory
(pun intended). Solutions are being pursued. Paging page tables to swap is
one of the solutions being considered, though nobody has gone so far as to
try it yet. An easier solution is to place page tables in high memory, and a
patch for this exists. There is also work being done on page table sharing.
Hmm, that was more than I intended to write, but you have to be aware of all
of this to be able to think seriously about the question of why kernel memory
isn't paged. Besides the complexity, the real reason is performance. It
would be slower to take faults on all the different flavors of pages the
kernel deals with than to check explicitly for the presence of objects the
kernel needs to work with, such as file cache and inodes. This would also
conflict with the large (4 meg) pages used to map the kernel itself. There
would be extra costs for memory cache reloading (some architectures) and tlb
shootdowns (all architectures). Finally, on 32 bit processors, where will
you get all the virtual memory space you need to map hundreds or thousands of
cached files?
So there you are, a once-over-lightly of a simple question that has a
not-so-simple answer. We sort-of page some kernel memory, but not with the
hardware faulting mechanism. Some kernel memory isn't paged or pruned and
perhaps needs to be. We wave our hands at the rest as small change.
-- Daniel - To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" in the body of a message to majordomo@vger.kernel.org More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html Please read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/
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