Re: Compiling x86 with and without frame pointer

From: Mark Mielke (mark@mark.mielke.cc)
Date: Thu Nov 21 2002 - 00:06:07 EST

A few weeks ago I was surprised to find that code compiled with
-fomit-frame-pointers reliably executed a few percentages slower.
Since the functions I was testing were not anywhere big enough to
fill even the I1 cache, I wrote it off as 'the CPU is obviously
optimized to expect certain instruction sequences after call and
before ret'. Something to think about anyways...

mark

On Thu, Nov 21, 2002 at 03:47:13PM +1100, Keith Owens wrote:
> The conventional wisdom is that compiling x86 without frame pointer
> results in smaller code. It turns out to be the opposite, compiling
> with frame pointers results in a smaller kernel. gcc version 3.2
> 20020822 (Red Hat Linux Rawhide 3.2-4).
>
> # size 2.4.20-rc2-*/vmlinux
> text data bss dec hex filename
> 2669584 337972 402697 3410253 34094d 2.4.20-rc2-fp/vmlinux
> 2676919 337972 402697 3417588 3425f4 2.4.20-rc2-nofp/vmlinux
>
> Without frame pointers, vmlinux is 7K bigger. The difference is that
> code with frame pointers can use ebp to directly access the stack,
> without frame pointers it has to use esp with an index.
>
> With frame pointers:
>
> 00000c10 <inet_dgram_connect>:
> c10: 55 push %ebp
> c11: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp
> c13: 83 ec 14 sub $0x14,%esp
> c16: 89 75 fc mov %esi,0xfffffffc(%ebp)
> c19: 8b 45 08 mov 0x8(%ebp),%eax
> c1c: 8b 75 0c mov 0xc(%ebp),%esi
> c1f: 89 5d f8 mov %ebx,0xfffffff8(%ebp)
> c22: 8b 58 18 mov 0x18(%eax),%ebx
> c25: 66 83 3e 00 cmpw $0x0,(%esi)
> c29: 74 3d je c68 <inet_dgram_connect+0x58>
>
> Without frame pointers:
>
> 00000c10 <inet_dgram_connect>:
> c10: 83 ec 14 sub $0x14,%esp
> c13: 8b 44 24 18 mov 0x18(%esp,1),%eax
> c17: 89 74 24 10 mov %esi,0x10(%esp,1)
> c1b: 8b 74 24 1c mov 0x1c(%esp,1),%esi
> c1f: 89 5c 24 0c mov %ebx,0xc(%esp,1)
> c23: 8b 58 18 mov 0x18(%eax),%ebx
> c26: 66 83 3e 00 cmpw $0x0,(%esi)
> c2a: 74 44 je c70 <inet_dgram_connect+0x60>
>
> The difference is that stack accesses via ebp are 3 bytes, stack
> accesses via esp+index are 4 bytes. On any function with a large
> number of stack accesses, this quickly outweighs the extra prologue
> code for frame pointers.
>
> The smaller instruction set will improve icache usage. Whether this is
> offset by the increased register pressure is something for
> benchmarking. Any of the benchmarkers care to test x86 kernels with
> and without frame pointers?
>
> -
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