Immediately upon boot on this system, most userland programs will segfault, including mount. This causes the system to come up in a bizarre state with the root filesystem mounted read-only, and nothing runs without segfault. There have been numerous similar posts about this problem, but they also seem to point to an associated kernel message, "Bad page state" that I don't observe. dmesg (which runs without segfault) returns many similar messages to:
start_udev[576] general protection rip:2aaaaae0fc70 rsp:7fffffb23d90 error:0