The reason is that not all 64-bit processors (i.e. K8) support a 32-bit sysenter in long mode (i.e. with a 64-bit kernel.)
sysenter is *always* entered from the vdso, since the return address is lost and this is also where a 64-bit kernel can put a syscall.
There is no reason we couldn't do syscall for 32-bit native, but the only processor that would benefit would be K7, and that's far enough in the past that I don't think anyone cares enough.
Note that long mode syscall is different from protected mode syscall, even in 32-bit compatibility mode. The long mode variant is a lot saner.