Re: [RFC][PATCH 1/2] tracing/ftrace: syscall tracing infrastructure

[Masami Hiramatsu]

Hi Frederic,

Out of curiously, could you tell me why did you introduce new TIF instead of
using utrace's tracehook API?
For example, systemtap already use current utrace/tracehook api for tracing
all syscalls. If there is any new advantage, it would be good to enhance
existing utrace/tracehook.

Thank you,

Frederic Weisbecker wrote:
> The most important drawback that implies the syscall tracing is the variable
> number of parameters that takes a syscall. Assuming there is a large number of
> syscall, the goal is to provide as much as possible a generic layer on it.
> 
> What we want on tracing time (the hot path):
> 
> - Save the parameters and the number of the syscall. That's all. The rest of the
>   job can be done on the "output path".
> 
> On output time:
> 
> - Get the raw-binary saved parameters and the syscall number as well as some
>   usual infos such as the pid, the time...
> - Depending on the tracing requirements, the user should have the choice to
>   dump the raw datas or a formatted version.
> 
> The core infrastructure has a static array which contains the necessary
> informations for each syscall (ok, I've only implemented 4 for now).
> 
> When a syscall triggers, the tracer look at this array (O(1) access) and get the
> number of parameters for this syscall. Then these parameters are saved in a
> binary form on the ring buffer with the syscall number (a generic version, arch
> independent).
> 
> On output time the parameters, the name of the syscall and very basic
> informations to format the parameters are picket from the ring-buffer and the
> generic syscall array.
> 
> Depending of the level of implementation we want for the syscall inside this
> array, we can provide just a single mask where the n bit matches the n
> parameter. If the bit is set, then the parameter will be considered as a string
> pointer. Otherwise its raw hexadecimal value will be printed.
> 
> If needed, we can otherwise provide a specific callback to print the syscall
> event.
> 
> The probem with these approaches comes from the fact that the string might have
> disappeared from the user memory on output time. Even if we protect against
> faults, it can give unreliable traces.
> So perhaps we could think about copying the string on tracing time.
> 
> Concerning the return value, it doesn't make any problem, a single raw
> value is printed for each one.
> 
> Note that the current implementation can be easily scaled further to give only
> binary informations to the user and the matching metadata to decode it.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@xxxxxxxxx>
> ---
>  include/linux/ftrace.h        |   44 +++++++
>  kernel/trace/Kconfig          |   10 ++
>  kernel/trace/Makefile         |    1 +
>  kernel/trace/trace.c          |    6 +
>  kernel/trace/trace.h          |   32 +++++
>  kernel/trace/trace_syscalls.c |  284 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  6 files changed, 377 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
>  create mode 100644 kernel/trace/trace_syscalls.c
> 
> diff --git a/include/linux/ftrace.h b/include/linux/ftrace.h
> index e1583f2..1798692 100644
> --- a/include/linux/ftrace.h
> +++ b/include/linux/ftrace.h
> @@ -503,4 +503,48 @@ static inline void trace_hw_branch_oops(void) {}
>  
>  #endif /* CONFIG_HW_BRANCH_TRACER */
>  
> +/* Index for the ftrace syscalls array */
> +enum syscall_trace_nr {
> +	SYSCALL_TRACE_OPEN = 1,
> +	SYSCALL_TRACE_CLOSE,
> +	SYSCALL_TRACE_READ,
> +	SYSCALL_TRACE_WRITE,
> +
> +	__SYSCALL_TRACE_END
> +};
> +
> +/*
> + * A syscall entry in the ftrace syscalls array.
> + *
> + * @name: name of the syscall
> + * @nb_args: number of parameters it takes
> + * @simple_format: if true, we use string_mask, otherwise the print callback
> + * @string_mask: rudimentary format mask. If bit nr is set, the nr parameter
> + *		 will be displayed as a string, otherwise it will be considered
> + *		 as a raw number (hex displayed).
> + * @print: implement it if you want a custom output for a given syscall
> + */
> +struct syscall_trace_entry {
> +	const char	*name;
> +	int		nb_args;
> +	bool		simple_format;
> +	union {
> +		unsigned long string_mask;
> +		int (*print)(unsigned long *);
> +	} output;
> +};
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_FTRACE_SYSCALLS
> +extern short arch_syscall_trace_nr[];
> +extern void start_ftrace_syscalls(void);
> +extern void stop_ftrace_syscalls(void);
> +extern void ftrace_syscall_enter(struct pt_regs *regs);
> +extern void ftrace_syscall_exit(struct pt_regs *regs);
> +#else
> +static inline void start_ftrace_syscalls(void) { }
> +static inline void stop_ftrace_syscalls(void) { }
> +static inline void ftrace_syscall_enter(struct pt_regs *regs) { }
> +static inline void ftrace_syscall_exit(struct pt_regs *regs) { }
> +#endif
> +
>  #endif /* _LINUX_FTRACE_H */
> diff --git a/kernel/trace/Kconfig b/kernel/trace/Kconfig
> index 8e4a2a6..95a0ad1 100644
> --- a/kernel/trace/Kconfig
> +++ b/kernel/trace/Kconfig
> @@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ config HAVE_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
>  config HAVE_HW_BRANCH_TRACER
>  	bool
>  
> +config HAVE_FTRACE_SYSCALLS
> +	bool
> +
>  config TRACER_MAX_TRACE
>  	bool
>  
> @@ -175,6 +178,13 @@ config EVENT_TRACER
>  	  allowing the user to pick and choose which trace point they
>  	  want to trace.
>  
> +config FTRACE_SYSCALLS
> +	bool "Trace syscalls"
> +	depends on HAVE_FTRACE_SYSCALLS
> +	select TRACING
> +	help
> +	  Basic tracer to catch the syscall entry and exit events.
> +
>  config BOOT_TRACER
>  	bool "Trace boot initcalls"
>  	select TRACING
> diff --git a/kernel/trace/Makefile b/kernel/trace/Makefile
> index c7a2943..c3feea0 100644
> --- a/kernel/trace/Makefile
> +++ b/kernel/trace/Makefile
> @@ -43,5 +43,6 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IO_TRACE)	+= blktrace.o
>  obj-$(CONFIG_EVENT_TRACER) += trace_events.o
>  obj-$(CONFIG_EVENT_TRACER) += events.o
>  obj-$(CONFIG_EVENT_TRACER) += trace_export.o
> +obj-$(CONFIG_FTRACE_SYSCALLS) += trace_syscalls.o
>  
>  libftrace-y := ftrace.o
> diff --git a/kernel/trace/trace.c b/kernel/trace/trace.c
> index cc94f86..5152be3 100644
> --- a/kernel/trace/trace.c
> +++ b/kernel/trace/trace.c
> @@ -242,6 +242,12 @@ static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(trace_wait);
>  unsigned long trace_flags = TRACE_ITER_PRINT_PARENT | TRACE_ITER_PRINTK |
>  	TRACE_ITER_ANNOTATE | TRACE_ITER_CONTEXT_INFO;
>  
> +
> +struct trace_array *__get_global_trace(void)
> +{
> +	return &global_trace;
> +}
> +
>  /**
>   * trace_wake_up - wake up tasks waiting for trace input
>   *
> diff --git a/kernel/trace/trace.h b/kernel/trace/trace.h
> index 2bfb7d1..9583830 100644
> --- a/kernel/trace/trace.h
> +++ b/kernel/trace/trace.h
> @@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ enum trace_type {
>  	TRACE_GRAPH_ENT,
>  	TRACE_USER_STACK,
>  	TRACE_HW_BRANCHES,
> +	TRACE_SYSCALL_ENTER,
> +	TRACE_SYSCALL_EXIT,
>  	TRACE_KMEM_ALLOC,
>  	TRACE_KMEM_FREE,
>  	TRACE_POWER,
> @@ -192,6 +194,19 @@ struct kmemtrace_free_entry {
>  	const void *ptr;
>  };
>  
> +struct syscall_trace_enter {
> +	struct trace_entry	ent;
> +	enum syscall_trace_nr	nr;
> +	unsigned long		args[];
> +};
> +
> +struct syscall_trace_exit {
> +	struct trace_entry	ent;
> +	enum syscall_trace_nr	nr;
> +	unsigned long		ret;
> +};
> +
> +
>  /*
>   * trace_flag_type is an enumeration that holds different
>   * states when a trace occurs. These are:
> @@ -304,6 +319,10 @@ extern void __ftrace_bad_type(void);
>  			  TRACE_KMEM_ALLOC);	\
>  		IF_ASSIGN(var, ent, struct kmemtrace_free_entry,	\
>  			  TRACE_KMEM_FREE);	\
> +		IF_ASSIGN(var, ent, struct syscall_trace_enter,		\
> +			  TRACE_SYSCALL_ENTER);				\
> +		IF_ASSIGN(var, ent, struct syscall_trace_exit,		\
> +			  TRACE_SYSCALL_EXIT);				\
>  		__ftrace_bad_type();					\
>  	} while (0)
>  
> @@ -568,6 +587,7 @@ extern int trace_selftest_startup_branch(struct tracer *trace,
>  #endif /* CONFIG_FTRACE_STARTUP_TEST */
>  
>  extern void *head_page(struct trace_array_cpu *data);
> +extern struct trace_array *__get_global_trace(void);
>  extern long ns2usecs(cycle_t nsec);
>  extern int
>  trace_vprintk(unsigned long ip, int depth, const char *fmt, va_list args);
> @@ -627,6 +647,18 @@ static inline int ftrace_trace_task(struct task_struct *task)
>  	return test_tsk_trace_trace(task);
>  }
>  
> +#ifdef CONFIG_FTRACE_SYSCALLS
> +extern enum print_line_t
> +print_syscall_enter(struct trace_iterator *iter, int flags);
> +extern enum print_line_t
> +print_syscall_exit(struct trace_iterator *iter, int flags);
> +#else
> +static inline enum print_line_t
> +print_syscall_enter(struct trace_iterator *iter, int flags) { }
> +static inline enum print_line_t
> +print_syscall_exit(struct trace_iterator *iter, int flags) { }
> +#endif
> +
>  /*
>   * trace_iterator_flags is an enumeration that defines bit
>   * positions into trace_flags that controls the output.
> diff --git a/kernel/trace/trace_syscalls.c b/kernel/trace/trace_syscalls.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 0000000..470bb9d
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/kernel/trace/trace_syscalls.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
> +#include <linux/kernel.h>
> +#include <linux/ftrace.h>
> +#include <asm/syscall.h>
> +
> +#include "trace_output.h"
> +#include "trace.h"
> +
> +/* Create basic entry on syscall array (with the rudimentary string mask) */
> +#define SYS_TRACE_ENTRY(sname, args, mask)			  \
> +	{.name = #sname, .nb_args = args, .simple_format = true,  \
> +	.output.string_mask = mask}
> +
> +/*
> + * Create a custom defined entry on the syscall array, you will have to
> + * implement a callback to output the syscall.
> + */
> +#define SYS_TRACE_ENTRY_SPECIAL(sname, args, printer)		  \
> +	{.name = #sname, .nb_args = args, .simple_format = false, \
> +	.print = printer}
> +
> +static const struct syscall_trace_entry syscall_trace_entries[] = {
> +	/* For open, the first argument is a string, hence the given mask */
> +	[SYSCALL_TRACE_OPEN]	= SYS_TRACE_ENTRY(open, 3, 0x1),
> +	[SYSCALL_TRACE_CLOSE]	= SYS_TRACE_ENTRY(close, 1, 0),
> +	[SYSCALL_TRACE_READ]	= SYS_TRACE_ENTRY(read, 3, 0),
> +	[SYSCALL_TRACE_WRITE]	= SYS_TRACE_ENTRY(read, 3, 0),
> +};
> +
> +
> +static atomic_t refcount;
> +
> +enum print_line_t
> +print_syscall_enter(struct trace_iterator *iter, int flags)
> +{
> +	struct trace_seq *s = &iter->seq;
> +	struct trace_entry *ent = iter->ent;
> +	struct syscall_trace_enter *trace;
> +	enum syscall_trace_nr syscall;
> +	const struct syscall_trace_entry *entry;
> +	char *str = NULL;
> +	int i, ret;
> +
> +	trace_assign_type(trace, ent);
> +
> +	syscall = trace->nr;
> +
> +	if (!syscall || syscall >= __SYSCALL_TRACE_END)
> +		return TRACE_TYPE_HANDLED;
> +
> +	entry = &syscall_trace_entries[syscall];
> +	if (!entry->simple_format) {
> +		ret = entry->output.print(trace->args);
> +		if (!ret)
> +			return TRACE_TYPE_PARTIAL_LINE;
> +	}
> +
> +	ret = trace_seq_printf(s, "syscall %s :", entry->name);
> +	if (!ret)
> +		return TRACE_TYPE_PARTIAL_LINE;
> +
> +	for (i = 0; i < entry->nb_args; i++) {
> +		/*
> +		 * FIXME: the string comes from the user, but on tracing
> +		 * output time, it may have disappeared from the memory.
> +		 * May be better to strdup it on tracing time.
> +		 */
> +		if (entry->output.string_mask & (1 << i)) {
> +			/* 128 is enough for most path */
> +			str = strndup_user((char *)trace->args[i], 128);
> +
> +			/* If it faulted badly, the error shoud have been
> +			 * handled while servicing the syscall, just ignore.
> +			 */
> +			if (str == ERR_PTR(-EFAULT) || str == ERR_PTR(-EINVAL)
> +			    || str == ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM))
> +				return TRACE_TYPE_HANDLED;
> +
> +			ret = trace_seq_printf(s, " %s", str);
> +		} else {
> +			ret = trace_seq_printf(s, " 0x%lx", trace->args[i]);
> +		}
> +		if (!ret)
> +			goto end_partial;
> +	}
> +	if (!trace_seq_printf(s, "\n"))
> +		goto end_partial;
> +
> +	kfree(str);
> +	return TRACE_TYPE_HANDLED;
> +
> +end_partial:
> +	kfree(str);
> +	return TRACE_TYPE_PARTIAL_LINE;
> +}
> +
> +enum print_line_t
> +print_syscall_exit(struct trace_iterator *iter, int flags)
> +{
> +	struct trace_seq *s = &iter->seq;
> +	struct trace_entry *ent = iter->ent;
> +	struct syscall_trace_exit *trace;
> +	enum syscall_trace_nr syscall;
> +	const struct syscall_trace_entry *entry;
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	trace_assign_type(trace, ent);
> +
> +	syscall = trace->nr;
> +
> +	if (!syscall || syscall >= __SYSCALL_TRACE_END)
> +		return TRACE_TYPE_HANDLED;
> +
> +	entry = &syscall_trace_entries[syscall];
> +
> +	ret = trace_seq_printf(s, "syscall %s -> 0x%lx\n", entry->name,
> +				trace->ret);
> +	if (!ret)
> +		return TRACE_TYPE_PARTIAL_LINE;
> +
> +	return TRACE_TYPE_HANDLED;
> +}
> +
> +void start_ftrace_syscalls(void)
> +{
> +	unsigned long flags;
> +	struct task_struct *g, *t;
> +
> +	if (atomic_inc_return(&refcount) != 1)
> +		goto out;
> +
> +	read_lock_irqsave(&tasklist_lock, flags);
> +
> +	do_each_thread(g, t) {
> +		set_tsk_thread_flag(t, TIF_SYSCALL_FTRACE);
> +	} while_each_thread(g, t);
> +
> +	read_unlock_irqrestore(&tasklist_lock, flags);
> +out:
> +	atomic_dec(&refcount);
> +}
> +
> +void stop_ftrace_syscalls(void)
> +{
> +	unsigned long flags;
> +	struct task_struct *g, *t;
> +
> +	if (atomic_dec_return(&refcount))
> +		goto out;
> +
> +	read_lock_irqsave(&tasklist_lock, flags);
> +
> +	do_each_thread(g, t) {
> +		clear_tsk_thread_flag(t, TIF_SYSCALL_FTRACE);
> +	} while_each_thread(g, t);
> +
> +	read_unlock_irqrestore(&tasklist_lock, flags);
> +out:
> +	atomic_inc(&refcount);
> +}
> +
> +void ftrace_syscall_enter(struct pt_regs *regs)
> +{
> +	struct trace_array *tr = __get_global_trace();
> +	struct syscall_trace_enter *entry;
> +	const struct syscall_trace_entry *sys_data;
> +	struct ring_buffer_event *event;
> +	struct trace_array_cpu *data;
> +	int size;
> +	int syscall_nr;
> +	int nr_offset;
> +	int cpu;
> +
> +	syscall_nr = syscall_get_nr(current, regs);
> +	nr_offset = arch_syscall_trace_nr[syscall_nr];
> +	if (!nr_offset || nr_offset >= __SYSCALL_TRACE_END)
> +		return;
> +
> +	cpu = raw_smp_processor_id();
> +	data = tr->data[cpu];
> +
> +	if (unlikely(atomic_read(&data->disabled)))
> +		return;
> +
> +	sys_data = &syscall_trace_entries[nr_offset];
> +	size = sizeof(*entry) + sizeof(unsigned long) * sys_data->nb_args;
> +
> +	event = trace_buffer_lock_reserve(tr, TRACE_SYSCALL_ENTER, size, 0, 0);
> +	if (!event)
> +		return;
> +
> +	entry = ring_buffer_event_data(event);
> +	entry->nr = nr_offset;
> +	syscall_get_arguments(current, regs, 0, sys_data->nb_args, entry->args);
> +
> +	ring_buffer_unlock_commit(tr->buffer, event);
> +	trace_wake_up();
> +}
> +
> +void ftrace_syscall_exit(struct pt_regs *regs)
> +{
> +	struct trace_array *tr = __get_global_trace();
> +	struct syscall_trace_exit *entry;
> +	const struct syscall_trace_entry *sys_data;
> +	struct ring_buffer_event *event;
> +	struct trace_array_cpu *data;
> +	int syscall_nr;
> +	int nr_offset;
> +	int cpu;
> +
> +	syscall_nr = syscall_get_nr(current, regs);
> +	nr_offset = arch_syscall_trace_nr[syscall_nr];
> +	if (!nr_offset || nr_offset >= __SYSCALL_TRACE_END)
> +		return;
> +
> +	cpu = raw_smp_processor_id();
> +	data = tr->data[cpu];
> +
> +	if (unlikely(atomic_read(&data->disabled)))
> +		return;
> +
> +	sys_data = &syscall_trace_entries[nr_offset];
> +
> +	event = trace_buffer_lock_reserve(tr, TRACE_SYSCALL_EXIT,
> +				sizeof(*entry), 0, 0);
> +	if (!event)
> +		return;
> +
> +	entry = ring_buffer_event_data(event);
> +	entry->nr = nr_offset;
> +	entry->ret = syscall_get_return_value(current, regs);
> +
> +	ring_buffer_unlock_commit(tr->buffer, event);
> +	trace_wake_up();
> +}
> +
> +static int init_syscall_tracer(struct trace_array *tr)
> +{
> +	start_ftrace_syscalls();
> +
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +static void reset_syscall_tracer(struct trace_array *tr)
> +{
> +	stop_ftrace_syscalls();
> +}
> +
> +static struct trace_event syscall_enter_event = {
> +	.type	 	= TRACE_SYSCALL_ENTER,
> +	.trace		= print_syscall_enter,
> +};
> +
> +static struct trace_event syscall_exit_event = {
> +	.type	 	= TRACE_SYSCALL_EXIT,
> +	.trace		= print_syscall_exit,
> +};
> +
> +static struct tracer syscall_tracer __read_mostly = {
> +	.name	     	= "syscall",
> +	.init		= init_syscall_tracer,
> +	.reset		= reset_syscall_tracer
> +};
> +
> +__init int register_ftrace_syscalls(void)
> +{
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	ret = register_ftrace_event(&syscall_enter_event);
> +	if (!ret) {
> +		printk(KERN_WARNING "event %d failed to register\n",
> +		       syscall_enter_event.type);
> +		WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
> +	}
> +
> +	ret = register_ftrace_event(&syscall_exit_event);
> +	if (!ret) {
> +		printk(KERN_WARNING "event %d failed to register\n",
> +		       syscall_exit_event.type);
> +		WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
> +	}
> +
> +	return register_tracer(&syscall_tracer);
> +}
> +device_initcall(register_ftrace_syscalls);

-- 
Masami Hiramatsu

Software Engineer
Hitachi Computer Products (America) Inc.
Software Solutions Division

e-mail: mhiramat@xxxxxxxxxx

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