[PATCH v1 04/12] x86, alternatives: Make JMPs more robust
From: Borislav Petkov
Date: Tue Feb 03 2015 - 13:18:56 EST
From: Borislav Petkov <bp@xxxxxxx>
Up until now we had to pay attention to relative JMPs in alternatives
about how their relative offset gets computed so that the jump target
is still correct. Or, as it is the case for near CALLs (opcode e8), we
still have to go and readjust the offset at patching time.
What is more, the static_cpu_has_safe() facility had to forcefully
generate 5-byte JMPs since we couldn't rely on the compiler to generate
properly sized ones. Worse than that, sometimes it would generate a
replacement JMP which is longer than the original one, thus overwriting
the beginning of the next instruction at patching time.
So, in order to alleviate all that and make using JMPs more
straight-forward we go and pad the original instruction in an
alternative block with NOPs at build time, should the replacement(s) be
longer. This way, alternatives users shouldn't pay special attention
so that original and replacement instruction sizes are fine but the
assembler would simply add padding where needed and not do anything
otherwise.
As a second aspect, we go and recompute JMPs at patching time so that we
can try to make 5-byte JMPs into two-byte ones if possible. If not, we
still have to recompute the offsets as the replacement JMP gets put far
away in the .altinstr_replacement section leading to a wrong offset if
copied verbatim.
For example, on a locally generated kernel image
old insn VA: 0xffffffff810014bd, CPU feat: X86_FEATURE_ALWAYS, size: 2
__switch_to:
ffffffff810014bd: eb 21 jmp ffffffff810014e0
repl insn: size: 5
ffffffff81d0b23c: e9 b1 62 2f ff jmpq ffffffff810014f2
gets corrected to a 2-byte JMP:
apply_alternatives: feat: 3*32+21, old: (ffffffff810014bd, len: 2), repl: (ffffffff81d0b23c, len: 5)
alt_insn: e9 b1 62 2f ff
recompute_jumps: next_rip: ffffffff81d0b241, tgt_rip: ffffffff810014f2, new_displ: 0x00000033, ret len: 2
converted to: eb 33 90 90 90
and a 5-byte JMP:
old insn VA: 0xffffffff81001516, CPU feat: X86_FEATURE_ALWAYS, size: 2
__switch_to:
ffffffff81001516: eb 30 jmp ffffffff81001548
repl insn: size: 5
ffffffff81d0b241: e9 10 63 2f ff jmpq ffffffff81001556
gets shortened into a two-byte one:
apply_alternatives: feat: 3*32+21, old: (ffffffff81001516, len: 2), repl: (ffffffff81d0b241, len: 5)
alt_insn: e9 10 63 2f ff
recompute_jumps: next_rip: ffffffff81d0b246, tgt_rip: ffffffff81001556, new_displ: 0x0000003e, ret len: 2
converted to: eb 3e 90 90 90
... and so on.
This leads to a net win of around
40ish replacements * 3 bytes savings =~ 120 bytes of I$
on an AMD guest which means some savings of precious instruction cache
bandwidth. The padding to the shorter 2-byte JMPs are single-byte NOPs
which on smart microarchitectures means discarding NOPs at decode time
and thus freeing up execution bandwidth.
Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@xxxxxxx>
---
arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h | 10 +---
arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c | 103 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
arch/x86/lib/copy_user_64.S | 11 ++--
3 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h
index 5d491248c78d..bb0d14edc32e 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h
@@ -481,13 +481,7 @@ static __always_inline __pure bool __static_cpu_has(u16 bit)
static __always_inline __pure bool _static_cpu_has_safe(u16 bit)
{
#ifdef CC_HAVE_ASM_GOTO
-/*
- * We need to spell the jumps to the compiler because, depending on the offset,
- * the replacement jump can be bigger than the original jump, and this we cannot
- * have. Thus, we force the jump to the widest, 4-byte, signed relative
- * offset even though the last would often fit in less bytes.
- */
- asm_volatile_goto("1: .byte 0xe9\n .long %l[t_dynamic] - 2f\n"
+ asm_volatile_goto("1: jmp %l[t_dynamic]\n"
"2:\n"
".skip -(((5f-4f) - (2b-1b)) > 0) * "
"((5f-4f) - (2b-1b)),0x90\n"
@@ -500,7 +494,7 @@ static __always_inline __pure bool _static_cpu_has_safe(u16 bit)
" .byte 5f - 4f\n" /* repl len */
".previous\n"
".section .altinstr_replacement,\"ax\"\n"
- "4: .byte 0xe9\n .long %l[t_no] - 2b\n"
+ "4: jmp %l[t_no]\n"
"5:\n"
".previous\n"
".section .altinstructions,\"a\"\n"
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c b/arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c
index c99b0f13a90e..715af37bf008 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c
@@ -58,6 +58,21 @@ do { \
printk(KERN_DEBUG "%s: " fmt "\n", __func__, ##args); \
} while (0)
+#define DUMP_BYTES(buf, len, fmt, args...) \
+do { \
+ if (unlikely(debug_alternative)) { \
+ int j; \
+ \
+ if (!(len)) \
+ break; \
+ \
+ printk(KERN_DEBUG fmt, ##args); \
+ for (j = 0; j < (len) - 1; j++) \
+ printk(KERN_CONT "%02hhx ", buf[j]); \
+ printk(KERN_CONT "%02hhx\n", buf[j]); \
+ } \
+} while (0)
+
/*
* Each GENERIC_NOPX is of X bytes, and defined as an array of bytes
* that correspond to that nop. Getting from one nop to the next, we
@@ -244,6 +259,71 @@ extern s32 __smp_locks[], __smp_locks_end[];
void *text_poke_early(void *addr, const void *opcode, size_t len);
/*
+ * Are we looking at a near JMP with a 1 or 4-byte displacement.
+ */
+static inline bool is_jmp(const u8 opcode)
+{
+ return opcode == 0xeb || opcode == 0xe9;
+}
+
+static void __init_or_module
+recompute_jump(struct alt_instr *a, u8 *orig_insn, u8 *repl_insn, u8 *insnbuf)
+{
+ u8 *next_rip, *tgt_rip;
+ s32 n_dspl, o_dspl;
+ int repl_len;
+
+ if (a->replacementlen != 5)
+ return;
+
+ o_dspl = *(s32 *)(insnbuf + 1);
+
+ /* next_rip of the replacement JMP */
+ next_rip = repl_insn + a->replacementlen;
+ /* target rip of the replacement JMP */
+ tgt_rip = next_rip + o_dspl;
+ n_dspl = tgt_rip - orig_insn;
+
+ DPRINTK("target RIP: %p, new_displ: 0x%x", tgt_rip, n_dspl);
+
+ if (tgt_rip - orig_insn >= 0) {
+ if (n_dspl - 2 <= 127)
+ goto two_byte_jmp;
+ else
+ goto five_byte_jmp;
+ /* negative offset */
+ } else {
+ if (((n_dspl - 2) & 0xff) == (n_dspl - 2))
+ goto two_byte_jmp;
+ else
+ goto five_byte_jmp;
+ }
+
+two_byte_jmp:
+ n_dspl -= 2;
+
+ insnbuf[0] = 0xeb;
+ insnbuf[1] = (s8)n_dspl;
+ add_nops(insnbuf + 2, 3);
+
+ repl_len = 2;
+ goto done;
+
+five_byte_jmp:
+ n_dspl -= 5;
+
+ insnbuf[0] = 0xe9;
+ *(s32 *)&insnbuf[1] = n_dspl;
+
+ repl_len = 5;
+
+done:
+
+ DPRINTK("final displ: 0x%08x, JMP 0x%lx",
+ n_dspl, (unsigned long)orig_insn + n_dspl + repl_len);
+}
+
+/*
* Replace instructions with better alternatives for this CPU type. This runs
* before SMP is initialized to avoid SMP problems with self modifying code.
* This implies that asymmetric systems where APs have less capabilities than
@@ -268,6 +348,8 @@ void __init_or_module apply_alternatives(struct alt_instr *start,
* order.
*/
for (a = start; a < end; a++) {
+ int insnbuf_sz = 0;
+
instr = (u8 *)&a->instr_offset + a->instr_offset;
replacement = (u8 *)&a->repl_offset + a->repl_offset;
BUG_ON(a->instrlen > sizeof(insnbuf));
@@ -281,24 +363,35 @@ void __init_or_module apply_alternatives(struct alt_instr *start,
instr, a->instrlen,
replacement, a->replacementlen);
+ DUMP_BYTES(instr, a->instrlen, "%p: old_insn: ", instr);
+ DUMP_BYTES(replacement, a->replacementlen, "%p: rpl_insn: ", replacement);
+
memcpy(insnbuf, replacement, a->replacementlen);
+ insnbuf_sz = a->replacementlen;
/* 0xe8 is a relative jump; fix the offset. */
if (*insnbuf == 0xe8 && a->replacementlen == 5) {
*(s32 *)(insnbuf + 1) += replacement - instr;
- DPRINTK("Fix CALL offset: 0x%x", *(s32 *)(insnbuf + 1));
+ DPRINTK("Fix CALL offset: 0x%x, CALL 0x%lx",
+ *(s32 *)(insnbuf + 1),
+ (unsigned long)instr + *(s32 *)(insnbuf + 1) + 5);
}
- if (a->instrlen > a->replacementlen)
+ if (a->replacementlen && is_jmp(replacement[0]))
+ recompute_jump(a, instr, replacement, insnbuf);
+
+ if (a->instrlen > a->replacementlen) {
add_nops(insnbuf + a->replacementlen,
a->instrlen - a->replacementlen);
+ insnbuf_sz += a->instrlen - a->replacementlen;
+ }
+ DUMP_BYTES(insnbuf, insnbuf_sz, "%p: final_insn: ", instr);
- text_poke_early(instr, insnbuf, a->instrlen);
+ text_poke_early(instr, insnbuf, insnbuf_sz);
}
}
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
-
static void alternatives_smp_lock(const s32 *start, const s32 *end,
u8 *text, u8 *text_end)
{
@@ -449,7 +542,7 @@ int alternatives_text_reserved(void *start, void *end)
return 0;
}
-#endif
+#endif /* CONFIG_SMP */
#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT
void __init_or_module apply_paravirt(struct paravirt_patch_site *start,
diff --git a/arch/x86/lib/copy_user_64.S b/arch/x86/lib/copy_user_64.S
index 1530ec2c1b12..4e6121ab5456 100644
--- a/arch/x86/lib/copy_user_64.S
+++ b/arch/x86/lib/copy_user_64.S
@@ -25,14 +25,13 @@
*/
.macro ALTERNATIVE_JUMP feature1,feature2,orig,alt1,alt2
0:
- .byte 0xe9 /* 32bit jump */
- .long \orig-1f /* by default jump to orig */
+ jmp \orig
1:
.section .altinstr_replacement,"ax"
-2: .byte 0xe9 /* near jump with 32bit immediate */
- .long \alt1-1b /* offset */ /* or alternatively to alt1 */
-3: .byte 0xe9 /* near jump with 32bit immediate */
- .long \alt2-1b /* offset */ /* or alternatively to alt2 */
+2:
+ jmp \alt1
+3:
+ jmp \alt2
.previous
.section .altinstructions,"a"
--
2.2.0.33.gc18b867
--
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