[PATCH V2 2/2] sched/deadline: Use the revised wakeup rule for suspending constrained dl tasks

[Daniel Bristot de Oliveira]

We have been facing some problems with self-suspending constrained
deadline tasks. The main reason is that the original CBS was not
designed for such sort of tasks.

One problem reported by Xunlei Pang takes place when a task
suspends, and then is awakened before the deadline, but so close
to the deadline that its remaining runtime can cause the task
to have an absolute density higher than allowed. In such situation,
the original CBS assumes that the task is facing an early activation,
and so it replenishes the task and set another deadline, one deadline
in the future. This rule works fine for implicit deadline tasks.
Moreover, it allows the system to adapt the period of a task in which
the external event source suffered from a clock drift.

However, this opens the window for bandwidth leakage for constrained
deadline tasks. For instance, a task with the following parameters:

  runtime   = 5 ms
  deadline  = 7 ms
  [density] = 5 / 7 = 0.71
  period    = 1000 ms

If the task runs for 1 ms, and then suspends for another 1ms,
it will be awakened with the following parameters:

  remaining runtime = 4
  laxity = 5

presenting a absolute density of 4 / 5 = 0.80.

In this case, the original CBS would assume the task had an early
wakeup. Then, CBS will reset the runtime, and the absolute deadline will
be postponed by one relative deadline, allowing the task to run.

The problem is that, if the task runs this pattern forever, it will keep
receiving bandwidth, being able to run 1ms every 2ms. Following this
behavior, the task would be able to run 500 ms in 1 sec. Thus running
more than the 5 ms / 1 sec the admission control allowed it to run.

Trying to address the self-suspending case, Luca Abeni, Giuseppe
Lipari, and Juri Lelli [1] revisited the CBS in order to deal with
self-suspending tasks. In the new approach, rather than
replenishing/postponing the absolute deadline, the revised wakeup rule
adjusts the remaining runtime, reducing it to fit into the allowed
density.

A resumed version of the idea is:

At a given time t, the maximum absolute density of a task cannot be
higher than its relative density, that is:

  runtime / (deadline - t) <= dl_runtime / dl_deadline

Knowing the laxity of a task (deadline - t), it is possible to move
it to the other side of the equality, thus enabling to define max
remaining runtime a task can use within the absolute deadline, without
over-running the allowed density:

  runtime = (dl_runtime / dl_deadline) * (deadline - t)

For instance, in our previous example, the task could still run:

  runtime = ( 5 / 7 ) * 5
  runtime = 3.57 ms

Without causing damage for other deadline tasks. It is note worth that
the laxity cannot be negative because that would cause a negative
runtime. Thus, this patch depends on the patch:

  df8eac8cafce ("sched/deadline: Throttle a constrained deadline task
		activated after the deadline")

Which throttles a constrained deadline task activated after the
deadline.

Finally, it is also possible to use the revised wakeup rule for
all other tasks, but that would require some more discussions
about pros and cons.

Reported-by: Xunlei Pang <xpang@xxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Bristot de Oliveira <bristot@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Xunlei Pang <xpang@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Juri Lelli <juri.lelli@xxxxxxx>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@xxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Luca Abeni <luca.abeni@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Tommaso Cucinotta <tommaso.cucinotta@xxxxxxxx>
Cc: Romulo Silva de Oliveira <romulo.deoliveira@xxxxxxx>
Cc: linux-kernel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
---
 include/linux/sched.h   |  1 +
 kernel/sched/core.c     |  2 +
 kernel/sched/deadline.c | 98 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 3 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/sched.h b/include/linux/sched.h
index 9778546..f50af02 100644
--- a/include/linux/sched.h
+++ b/include/linux/sched.h
@@ -422,6 +422,7 @@ struct sched_dl_entity {
 	u64				dl_deadline;	/* Relative deadline of each instance	*/
 	u64				dl_period;	/* Separation of two instances (period) */
 	u64				dl_bw;		/* dl_runtime / dl_period		*/
+	u64				dl_density;	/* dl_runtime / dl_deadline		*/
 
 	/*
 	 * Actual scheduling parameters. Initialized with the values above,
diff --git a/kernel/sched/core.c b/kernel/sched/core.c
index 803c3bc..da3ffbc 100644
--- a/kernel/sched/core.c
+++ b/kernel/sched/core.c
@@ -2159,6 +2159,7 @@ void __dl_clear_params(struct task_struct *p)
 	dl_se->dl_period = 0;
 	dl_se->flags = 0;
 	dl_se->dl_bw = 0;
+	dl_se->dl_density = 0;
 
 	dl_se->dl_throttled = 0;
 	dl_se->dl_yielded = 0;
@@ -4026,6 +4027,7 @@ __setparam_dl(struct task_struct *p, const struct sched_attr *attr)
 	dl_se->dl_period = attr->sched_period ?: dl_se->dl_deadline;
 	dl_se->flags = attr->sched_flags;
 	dl_se->dl_bw = to_ratio(dl_se->dl_period, dl_se->dl_runtime);
+	dl_se->dl_density = to_ratio(dl_se->dl_deadline, dl_se->dl_runtime);
 
 	/*
 	 * Changing the parameters of a task is 'tricky' and we're not doing
diff --git a/kernel/sched/deadline.c b/kernel/sched/deadline.c
index a2ce590..430d308 100644
--- a/kernel/sched/deadline.c
+++ b/kernel/sched/deadline.c
@@ -484,13 +484,86 @@ static bool dl_entity_overflow(struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se,
 }
 
 /*
- * When a -deadline entity is queued back on the runqueue, its runtime and
- * deadline might need updating.
+ * Revised wakeup rule [1]: For self-suspending tasks, rather then
+ * re-initializing task's runtime and deadline, the revised wakeup
+ * rule adjusts the task's runtime to avoid the task to overrun its
+ * density.
  *
- * The policy here is that we update the deadline of the entity only if:
- *  - the current deadline is in the past,
- *  - using the remaining runtime with the current deadline would make
- *    the entity exceed its bandwidth.
+ * Reasoning: a task may overrun the density if:
+ *    runtime / (deadline - t) > dl_runtime / dl_deadline
+ *
+ * Therefore, runtime can be adjusted to:
+ *     runtime = (dl_runtime / dl_deadline) * (deadline - t)
+ *
+ * In such way that runtime will be equals to the maximum density
+ * the task can use without breaking any rule.
+ *
+ * [1] Luca Abeni, Giuseppe Lipari, and Juri Lelli. 2015. Constant
+ * bandwidth server revisited. SIGBED Rev. 11, 4 (January 2015), 19-24.
+ */
+static void
+update_dl_revised_wakeup(struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se, struct rq *rq)
+{
+	u64 laxity = dl_se->deadline - rq_clock(rq);
+
+	/*
+	 * If the task has deadline < period, and the deadline is in the past,
+	 * it should already be throttled before this check.
+	 *
+	 * See update_dl_entity() comments for further details.
+	 */
+	WARN_ON(dl_time_before(dl_se->deadline, rq_clock(rq)));
+
+	dl_se->runtime = dl_se->dl_density * laxity >> 20;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Regarding the deadline, a task with implicit deadline has a relative
+ * deadline == relative period. A task with constrained deadline has a
+ * relative deadline <= relative period.
+ *
+ * Linux supports constrained deadline tasks. However, there are some
+ * restrictions applied only for tasks with constrained deadline which are
+ * not implicit deadline tasks. See update_dl_entity() to know more about
+ * such restrictions.
+ *
+ * The dl_is_constrained() returns true if the task has a constrained but
+ * not implicit deadline.
+ */
+static inline bool dl_is_constrained(struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se)
+{
+	return dl_se->dl_deadline < dl_se->dl_period;
+}
+
+/*
+ * When a deadline entity is placed in the runqueue, its runtime and deadline
+ * might need to be updated. This is done by a CBS wake up rule. There are two
+ * different rules: 1) the original CBS; and 2) the Revisited CBS.
+ *
+ * When the task is starting a new period, the Original CBS is used. In this
+ * case, the runtime is replenished and a new absolute deadline is set.
+ *
+ * When a task is queued before the begin of the next period, using the
+ * remaining runtime and deadline could make the entity to overflow, see
+ * dl_entity_overflow() to find more about runtime overflow. When such case
+ * is detected, the runtime and deadline need to be updated.
+ *
+ * If the task has an implicit deadline, i.e., deadline == period, the Original
+ * CBS is applied. the runtime is replenished and a new absolute deadline is
+ * set, as in the previous cases.
+ *
+ * However, the Original CBS does not work properly for tasks with
+ * deadline < period, which are said to have a constrained deadline. By
+ * applying the Original CBS, a constrained deadline task would be able to run
+ * runtime/deadline in a period. With deadline < period, the task would
+ * overrun the runtime/period allowed bandwidth, breaking the admission test.
+ *
+ * In order to prevent this misbehave, the Revisited CBS is used for
+ * constrained deadline tasks when a runtime overflow is detected. In the
+ * Revisited CBS, rather than replenishing & setting a new absolute deadline,
+ * the remaining runtime of the task is reduced to avoid runtime overflow.
+ * Please refer to the comments update_dl_revised_wakeup() function to find
+ * more about the Revised CBS rule.
  */
 static void update_dl_entity(struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se,
 			     struct sched_dl_entity *pi_se)
@@ -500,6 +573,14 @@ static void update_dl_entity(struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se,
 
 	if (dl_time_before(dl_se->deadline, rq_clock(rq)) ||
 	    dl_entity_overflow(dl_se, pi_se, rq_clock(rq))) {
+
+		if (unlikely(dl_is_constrained(dl_se) &&
+			     !dl_time_before(dl_se->deadline, rq_clock(rq)) &&
+			     !dl_se->dl_boosted)){
+			update_dl_revised_wakeup(dl_se, rq);
+			return;
+		}
+
 		dl_se->deadline = rq_clock(rq) + pi_se->dl_deadline;
 		dl_se->runtime = pi_se->dl_runtime;
 	}
@@ -959,11 +1040,6 @@ static void dequeue_dl_entity(struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se)
 	__dequeue_dl_entity(dl_se);
 }
 
-static inline bool dl_is_constrained(struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se)
-{
-	return dl_se->dl_deadline < dl_se->dl_period;
-}
-
 static void enqueue_task_dl(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p, int flags)
 {
 	struct task_struct *pi_task = rt_mutex_get_top_task(p);
-- 
2.5.5