[PATCH v4 3/3] mm/free_pcppages_bulk: prefetch buddy while not holding lock

[Aaron Lu]

When a page is freed back to the global pool, its buddy will be checked
to see if it's possible to do a merge. This requires accessing buddy's
page structure and that access could take a long time if it's cache cold.

This patch adds a prefetch to the to-be-freed page's buddy outside of
zone->lock in hope of accessing buddy's page structure later under
zone->lock will be faster. Since we *always* do buddy merging and check
an order-0 page's buddy to try to merge it when it goes into the main
allocator, the cacheline will always come in, i.e. the prefetched data
will never be unused.

In the meantime, there are two concerns:
1 the prefetch could potentially evict existing cachelines, especially
  for L1D cache since it is not huge;
2 there is some additional instruction overhead, namely calculating
  buddy pfn twice.

For 1, it's hard to say, this microbenchmark though shows good result but
the actual benefit of this patch will be workload/CPU dependant;
For 2, since the calculation is a XOR on two local variables, it's expected
in many cases that cycles spent will be offset by reduced memory latency
later. This is especially true for NUMA machines where multiple CPUs are
contending on zone->lock and the most time consuming part under zone->lock
is the wait of 'struct page' cacheline of the to-be-freed pages and their
buddies.

Test with will-it-scale/page_fault1 full load:

kernel      Broadwell(2S)  Skylake(2S)   Broadwell(4S)  Skylake(4S)
v4.16-rc2+  9034215        7971818       13667135       15677465
patch2/3    9536374 +5.6%  8314710 +4.3% 14070408 +3.0% 16675866 +6.4%
this patch 10338868 +8.4%  8544477 +2.8% 14839808 +5.5% 17155464 +2.9%
Note: this patch's performance improvement percent is against patch2/3.

[changelog stole from Dave Hansen and Mel Gorman's comments]
https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/24/551
Suggested-by: Ying Huang <ying.huang@xxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@xxxxxxxxx>
---
 mm/page_alloc.c | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
index dafdcdec9c1f..1d838041931e 100644
--- a/mm/page_alloc.c
+++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
@@ -1141,6 +1141,9 @@ static void free_pcppages_bulk(struct zone *zone, int count,
 			batch_free = count;
 
 		do {
+			unsigned long pfn, buddy_pfn;
+			struct page *buddy;
+
 			page = list_last_entry(list, struct page, lru);
 			/* must delete to avoid corrupting pcp list */
 			list_del(&page->lru);
@@ -1150,6 +1153,18 @@ static void free_pcppages_bulk(struct zone *zone, int count,
 				continue;
 
 			list_add_tail(&page->lru, &head);
+
+			/*
+			 * We are going to put the page back to the global
+			 * pool, prefetch its buddy to speed up later access
+			 * under zone->lock. It is believed the overhead of
+			 * calculating buddy_pfn here can be offset by reduced
+			 * memory latency later.
+			 */
+			pfn = page_to_pfn(page);
+			buddy_pfn = __find_buddy_pfn(pfn, 0);
+			buddy = page + (buddy_pfn - pfn);
+			prefetch(buddy);
 		} while (--count && --batch_free && !list_empty(list));
 	}
 
-- 
2.14.3