[PATCH] block, bfq: improve asymmetric scenarios detection

From: Paolo Valente
Date: Fri Oct 12 2018 - 05:56:12 EST

From: Federico Motta <federico@xxxxxxxxx>

bfq defines as asymmetric a scenario where an active entity, say E
(representing either a single bfq_queue or a group of other entities),
has a higher weight than some other entities. If the entity E does sync
I/O in such a scenario, then bfq plugs the dispatch of the I/O of the
other entities in the following situation: E is in service but
temporarily has no pending I/O request. In fact, without this plugging,
all the times that E stops being temporarily idle, it may find the
internal queues of the storage device already filled with an
out-of-control number of extra requests, from other entities. So E may
have to wait for the service of these extra requests, before finally
having its own requests served. This may easily break service
guarantees, with E getting less than its fair share of the device
throughput. Usually, the end result is that E gets the same fraction of
the throughput as the other entities, instead of getting more, according
to its higher weight.

Yet there are two other more subtle cases where E, even if its weight is
actually equal to or even lower than the weight of any other active
entities, may get less than its fair share of the throughput in case the
above I/O plugging is not performed:
1. other entities issue larger requests than E;
2. other entities contain more active child entities than E (or in
general tend to have more backlog than E).

In the first case, other entities may get more service than E because
they get larger requests, than those of E, served during the temporary
idle periods of E. In the second case, other entities get more service
because, by having many child entities, they have many requests ready
for dispatching while E is temporarily idle.

This commit addresses this issue by extending the definition of
asymmetric scenario: a scenario is asymmetric when
- active entities representing bfq_queues have differentiated weights,
as in the original definition
or (inclusive)
- one or more entities representing groups of entities are active.

This broader definition makes sure that I/O plugging will be performed
in all the above cases, provided that there is at least one active
group. Of course, this definition is very coarse, so it will trigger
I/O plugging also in cases where it is not needed, such as, e.g.,
multiple active entities with just one child each, and all with the same
I/O-request size. The reason for this coarse definition is just that a
finer-grained definition would be rather heavy to compute.

On the opposite end, even this new definition does not trigger I/O
plugging in all cases where there is no active group, and all bfq_queues
have the same weight. So, in these cases some unfairness may occur if
there are asymmetries in I/O-request sizes. We made this choice because
I/O plugging may lower throughput, and probably a user that has not
created any group cares more about throughput than about perfect
fairness. At any rate, as for possible applications that may care about
service guarantees, bfq already guarantees a high responsiveness and a
low latency to soft real-time applications automatically.

Signed-off-by: Federico Motta <federico@xxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Valente <paolo.valente@xxxxxxxxxx>
---
block/bfq-iosched.c | 223 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
block/bfq-iosched.h | 27 +++---
block/bfq-wf2q.c | 36 +++----
3 files changed, 155 insertions(+), 131 deletions(-)

diff --git a/block/bfq-iosched.c b/block/bfq-iosched.c
index 1a1b80dfd69d..6075100f03a5 100644
--- a/block/bfq-iosched.c
+++ b/block/bfq-iosched.c
@@ -624,12 +624,13 @@ void bfq_pos_tree_add_move(struct bfq_data *bfqd, struct bfq_queue *bfqq)
}

/*
- * Tell whether there are active queues or groups with differentiated weights.
+ * Tell whether there are active queues with different weights or
+ * active groups.
*/
-static bool bfq_differentiated_weights(struct bfq_data *bfqd)
+static bool bfq_varied_queue_weights_or_active_groups(struct bfq_data *bfqd)
{
/*
- * For weights to differ, at least one of the trees must contain
+ * For queue weights to differ, queue_weights_tree must contain
* at least two nodes.
*/
return (!RB_EMPTY_ROOT(&bfqd->queue_weights_tree) &&
@@ -637,9 +638,7 @@ static bool bfq_differentiated_weights(struct bfq_data *bfqd)
bfqd->queue_weights_tree.rb_node->rb_right)
#ifdef CONFIG_BFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED
) ||
- (!RB_EMPTY_ROOT(&bfqd->group_weights_tree) &&
- (bfqd->group_weights_tree.rb_node->rb_left ||
- bfqd->group_weights_tree.rb_node->rb_right)
+ (bfqd->num_active_groups > 0
#endif
);
}
@@ -657,26 +656,25 @@ static bool bfq_differentiated_weights(struct bfq_data *bfqd)
* 3) all active groups at the same level in the groups tree have the same
* number of children.
*
- * Unfortunately, keeping the necessary state for evaluating exactly the
- * above symmetry conditions would be quite complex and time-consuming.
- * Therefore this function evaluates, instead, the following stronger
- * sub-conditions, for which it is much easier to maintain the needed
- * state:
+ * Unfortunately, keeping the necessary state for evaluating exactly
+ * the last two symmetry sub-conditions above would be quite complex
+ * and time consuming. Therefore this function evaluates, instead,
+ * only the following stronger two sub-conditions, for which it is
+ * much easier to maintain the needed state:
* 1) all active queues have the same weight,
- * 2) all active groups have the same weight,
- * 3) all active groups have at most one active child each.
- * In particular, the last two conditions are always true if hierarchical
- * support and the cgroups interface are not enabled, thus no state needs
- * to be maintained in this case.
+ * 2) there are no active groups.
+ * In particular, the last condition is always true if hierarchical
+ * support or the cgroups interface are not enabled, thus no state
+ * needs to be maintained in this case.
*/
static bool bfq_symmetric_scenario(struct bfq_data *bfqd)
{
- return !bfq_differentiated_weights(bfqd);
+ return !bfq_varied_queue_weights_or_active_groups(bfqd);
}

/*
* If the weight-counter tree passed as input contains no counter for
- * the weight of the input entity, then add that counter; otherwise just
+ * the weight of the input queue, then add that counter; otherwise just
* increment the existing counter.
*
* Note that weight-counter trees contain few nodes in mostly symmetric
@@ -687,25 +685,25 @@ static bool bfq_symmetric_scenario(struct bfq_data *bfqd)
* In most scenarios, the rate at which nodes are created/destroyed
* should be low too.
*/
-void bfq_weights_tree_add(struct bfq_data *bfqd, struct bfq_entity *entity,
+void bfq_weights_tree_add(struct bfq_data *bfqd, struct bfq_queue *bfqq,
struct rb_root *root)
{
+ struct bfq_entity *entity = &bfqq->entity;
struct rb_node **new = &(root->rb_node), *parent = NULL;

/*
- * Do not insert if the entity is already associated with a
+ * Do not insert if the queue is already associated with a
* counter, which happens if:
- * 1) the entity is associated with a queue,
- * 2) a request arrival has caused the queue to become both
+ * 1) a request arrival has caused the queue to become both
* non-weight-raised, and hence change its weight, and
* backlogged; in this respect, each of the two events
* causes an invocation of this function,
- * 3) this is the invocation of this function caused by the
+ * 2) this is the invocation of this function caused by the
* second event. This second invocation is actually useless,
* and we handle this fact by exiting immediately. More
* efficient or clearer solutions might possibly be adopted.
*/
- if (entity->weight_counter)
+ if (bfqq->weight_counter)
return;

while (*new) {
@@ -715,7 +713,7 @@ void bfq_weights_tree_add(struct bfq_data *bfqd, struct bfq_entity *entity,
parent = *new;

if (entity->weight == __counter->weight) {
- entity->weight_counter = __counter;
+ bfqq->weight_counter = __counter;
goto inc_counter;
}
if (entity->weight < __counter->weight)
@@ -724,66 +722,67 @@ void bfq_weights_tree_add(struct bfq_data *bfqd, struct bfq_entity *entity,
new = &((*new)->rb_right);
}

- entity->weight_counter = kzalloc(sizeof(struct bfq_weight_counter),
- GFP_ATOMIC);
+ bfqq->weight_counter = kzalloc(sizeof(struct bfq_weight_counter),
+ GFP_ATOMIC);

/*
* In the unlucky event of an allocation failure, we just
- * exit. This will cause the weight of entity to not be
- * considered in bfq_differentiated_weights, which, in its
- * turn, causes the scenario to be deemed wrongly symmetric in
- * case entity's weight would have been the only weight making
- * the scenario asymmetric. On the bright side, no unbalance
- * will however occur when entity becomes inactive again (the
- * invocation of this function is triggered by an activation
- * of entity). In fact, bfq_weights_tree_remove does nothing
- * if !entity->weight_counter.
+ * exit. This will cause the weight of queue to not be
+ * considered in bfq_varied_queue_weights_or_active_groups,
+ * which, in its turn, causes the scenario to be deemed
+ * wrongly symmetric in case bfqq's weight would have been
+ * the only weight making the scenario asymmetric. On the
+ * bright side, no unbalance will however occur when bfqq
+ * becomes inactive again (the invocation of this function
+ * is triggered by an activation of queue). In fact,
+ * bfq_weights_tree_remove does nothing if
+ * !bfqq->weight_counter.
*/
- if (unlikely(!entity->weight_counter))
+ if (unlikely(!bfqq->weight_counter))
return;

- entity->weight_counter->weight = entity->weight;
- rb_link_node(&entity->weight_counter->weights_node, parent, new);
- rb_insert_color(&entity->weight_counter->weights_node, root);
+ bfqq->weight_counter->weight = entity->weight;
+ rb_link_node(&bfqq->weight_counter->weights_node, parent, new);
+ rb_insert_color(&bfqq->weight_counter->weights_node, root);

inc_counter:
- entity->weight_counter->num_active++;
+ bfqq->weight_counter->num_active++;
}

/*
- * Decrement the weight counter associated with the entity, and, if the
+ * Decrement the weight counter associated with the queue, and, if the
* counter reaches 0, remove the counter from the tree.
* See the comments to the function bfq_weights_tree_add() for considerations
* about overhead.
*/
void __bfq_weights_tree_remove(struct bfq_data *bfqd,
- struct bfq_entity *entity,
+ struct bfq_queue *bfqq,
struct rb_root *root)
{
- if (!entity->weight_counter)
+ if (!bfqq->weight_counter)
return;

- entity->weight_counter->num_active--;
- if (entity->weight_counter->num_active > 0)
+ bfqq->weight_counter->num_active--;
+ if (bfqq->weight_counter->num_active > 0)
goto reset_entity_pointer;

- rb_erase(&entity->weight_counter->weights_node, root);
- kfree(entity->weight_counter);
+ rb_erase(&bfqq->weight_counter->weights_node, root);
+ kfree(bfqq->weight_counter);

reset_entity_pointer:
- entity->weight_counter = NULL;
+ bfqq->weight_counter = NULL;
}

/*
- * Invoke __bfq_weights_tree_remove on bfqq and all its inactive
- * parent entities.
+ * Invoke __bfq_weights_tree_remove on bfqq and decrement the number
+ * of active groups for each queue's inactive parent entity.
*/
void bfq_weights_tree_remove(struct bfq_data *bfqd,
struct bfq_queue *bfqq)
{
struct bfq_entity *entity = bfqq->entity.parent;

- __bfq_weights_tree_remove(bfqd, &bfqq->entity,
+ __bfq_weights_tree_remove(bfqd, bfqq,
&bfqd->queue_weights_tree);

for_each_entity(entity) {
@@ -797,17 +796,13 @@ void bfq_weights_tree_remove(struct bfq_data *bfqd,
* next_in_service for details on why
* in_service_entity must be checked too).
*
- * As a consequence, the weight of entity is
- * not to be removed. In addition, if entity
- * is active, then its parent entities are
- * active as well, and thus their weights are
- * not to be removed either. In the end, this
- * loop must stop here.
+ * As a consequence, its parent entities are
+ * active as well, and thus this loop must
+ * stop here.
*/
break;
}
- __bfq_weights_tree_remove(bfqd, entity,
- &bfqd->group_weights_tree);
+ bfqd->num_active_groups--;
}
}

@@ -3506,9 +3501,11 @@ static bool bfq_better_to_idle(struct bfq_queue *bfqq)
* symmetric scenario where:
* (i) each of these processes must get the same throughput as
* the others;
- * (ii) all these processes have the same I/O pattern
- (either sequential or random).
- * In fact, in such a scenario, the drive will tend to treat
+ * (ii) the I/O of each process has the same properties, in
+ * terms of locality (sequential or random), direction
+ * (reads or writes), request sizes, greediness
+ * (from I/O-bound to sporadic), and so on.
+ * In fact, in such a scenario, the drive tends to treat
* the requests of each of these processes in about the same
* way as the requests of the others, and thus to provide
* each of these processes with about the same throughput
@@ -3517,18 +3514,50 @@ static bool bfq_better_to_idle(struct bfq_queue *bfqq)
* certainly needed to guarantee that bfqq receives its
* assigned fraction of the device throughput (see [1] for
* details).
+ * The problem is that idling may significantly reduce
+ * throughput with certain combinations of types of I/O and
+ * devices. An important example is sync random I/O, on flash
+ * storage with command queueing. So, unless bfqq falls in the
+ * above cases where idling also boosts throughput, it would
+ * be important to check conditions (i) and (ii) accurately,
+ * so as to avoid idling when not strictly needed for service
+ * guarantees.
+ *
+ * Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to thoroughly
+ * check condition (ii). And, in case there are active groups,
+ * it becomes very difficult to check condition (i) too. In
+ * fact, if there are active groups, then, for condition (i)
+ * to become false, it is enough that an active group contains
+ * more active processes or sub-groups than some other active
+ * group. We address this issue with the following bi-modal
+ * behavior, implemented in the function
+ * bfq_symmetric_scenario().
*
- * We address this issue by controlling, actually, only the
- * symmetry sub-condition (i), i.e., provided that
- * sub-condition (i) holds, idling is not performed,
- * regardless of whether sub-condition (ii) holds. In other
- * words, only if sub-condition (i) holds, then idling is
+ * If there are active groups, then the scenario is tagged as
+ * asymmetric, conservatively, without checking any of the
+ * conditions (i) and (ii). So the device is idled for bfqq.
+ * This behavior matches also the fact that groups are created
+ * exactly if controlling I/O (to preserve bandwidth and
+ * latency guarantees) is a primary concern.
+ *
+ * On the opposite end, if there are no active groups, then
+ * only condition (i) is actually controlled, i.e., provided
+ * that condition (i) holds, idling is not performed,
+ * regardless of whether condition (ii) holds. In other words,
+ * only if condition (i) does not hold, then idling is
* allowed, and the device tends to be prevented from queueing
- * many requests, possibly of several processes. The reason
- * for not controlling also sub-condition (ii) is that we
- * exploit preemption to preserve guarantees in case of
- * symmetric scenarios, even if (ii) does not hold, as
- * explained in the next two paragraphs.
+ * many requests, possibly of several processes. Since there
+ * are no active groups, then, to control condition (i) it is
+ * enough to check whether all active queues have the same
+ * weight.
+ *
+ * Not checking condition (ii) evidently exposes bfqq to the
+ * risk of getting less throughput than its fair share.
+ * However, for queues with the same weight, a further
+ * mechanism, preemption, mitigates or even eliminates this
+ * problem. And it does so without consequences on overall
+ * throughput. This mechanism and its benefits are explained
+ * in the next three paragraphs.
*
* Even if a queue, say Q, is expired when it remains idle, Q
* can still preempt the new in-service queue if the next
@@ -3542,11 +3571,7 @@ static bool bfq_better_to_idle(struct bfq_queue *bfqq)
* idling allows the internal queues of the device to contain
* many requests, and thus to reorder requests, we can rather
* safely assume that the internal scheduler still preserves a
- * minimum of mid-term fairness. The motivation for using
- * preemption instead of idling is that, by not idling,
- * service guarantees are preserved without minimally
- * sacrificing throughput. In other words, both a high
- * throughput and its desired distribution are obtained.
+ * minimum of mid-term fairness.
*
* More precisely, this preemption-based, idleless approach
* provides fairness in terms of IOPS, and not sectors per
@@ -3565,27 +3590,27 @@ static bool bfq_better_to_idle(struct bfq_queue *bfqq)
* 1024/8 times as high as the service received by the other
* queue.
*
- * On the other hand, device idling is performed, and thus
- * pure sector-domain guarantees are provided, for the
- * following queues, which are likely to need stronger
- * throughput guarantees: weight-raised queues, and queues
- * with a higher weight than other queues. When such queues
- * are active, sub-condition (i) is false, which triggers
- * device idling.
+ * The motivation for using preemption instead of idling (for
+ * queues with the same weight) is that, by not idling,
+ * service guarantees are preserved (completely or at least in
+ * part) without minimally sacrificing throughput. And, if
+ * there is no active group, then the primary expectation for
+ * this device is probably a high throughput.
*
- * According to the above considerations, the next variable is
- * true (only) if sub-condition (i) holds. To compute the
- * value of this variable, we not only use the return value of
- * the function bfq_symmetric_scenario(), but also check
- * whether bfqq is being weight-raised, because
- * bfq_symmetric_scenario() does not take into account also
- * weight-raised queues (see comments on
- * bfq_weights_tree_add()). In particular, if bfqq is being
- * weight-raised, it is important to idle only if there are
- * other, non-weight-raised queues that may steal throughput
- * to bfqq. Actually, we should be even more precise, and
- * differentiate between interactive weight raising and
- * soft real-time weight raising.
+ * We are now left only with explaining the additional
+ * compound condition that is checked below for deciding
+ * whether the scenario is asymmetric. To explain this
+ * compound condition, we need to add that the function
+ * bfq_symmetric_scenario checks the weights of only
+ * non-weight-raised queues, for efficiency reasons (see
+ * comments on bfq_weights_tree_add()). Then the fact that
+ * bfqq is weight-raised is checked explicitly here. More
+ * precisely, the compound condition below takes into account
+ * also the fact that, even if bfqq is being weight-raised,
+ * the scenario is still symmetric if all active queues happen
+ * to be weight-raised. Actually, we should be even more
+ * precise here, and differentiate between interactive weight
+ * raising and soft real-time weight raising.
*
* As a side note, it is worth considering that the above
* device-idling countermeasures may however fail in the
@@ -5392,7 +5417,7 @@ static int bfq_init_queue(struct request_queue *q, struct elevator_type *e)
bfqd->idle_slice_timer.function = bfq_idle_slice_timer;

bfqd->queue_weights_tree = RB_ROOT;
- bfqd->group_weights_tree = RB_ROOT;
+ bfqd->num_active_groups = 0;

INIT_LIST_HEAD(&bfqd->active_list);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&bfqd->idle_list);
diff --git a/block/bfq-iosched.h b/block/bfq-iosched.h
index 37d627afdc2e..77651d817ecd 100644
--- a/block/bfq-iosched.h
+++ b/block/bfq-iosched.h
@@ -108,15 +108,14 @@ struct bfq_sched_data {
};

/**
- * struct bfq_weight_counter - counter of the number of all active entities
+ * struct bfq_weight_counter - counter of the number of all active queues
* with a given weight.
*/
struct bfq_weight_counter {
- unsigned int weight; /* weight of the entities this counter refers to */
- unsigned int num_active; /* nr of active entities with this weight */
+ unsigned int weight; /* weight of the queues this counter refers to */
+ unsigned int num_active; /* nr of active queues with this weight */
/*
- * Weights tree member (see bfq_data's @queue_weights_tree and
- * @group_weights_tree)
+ * Weights tree member (see bfq_data's @queue_weights_tree)
*/
struct rb_node weights_node;
};
@@ -151,8 +150,6 @@ struct bfq_weight_counter {
struct bfq_entity {
/* service_tree member */
struct rb_node rb_node;
- /* pointer to the weight counter associated with this entity */
- struct bfq_weight_counter *weight_counter;

/*
* Flag, true if the entity is on a tree (either the active or
@@ -266,6 +263,9 @@ struct bfq_queue {
/* entity representing this queue in the scheduler */
struct bfq_entity entity;

+ /* pointer to the weight counter associated with this entity */
+ struct bfq_weight_counter *weight_counter;
+
/* maximum budget allowed from the feedback mechanism */
int max_budget;
/* budget expiration (in jiffies) */
@@ -449,14 +449,9 @@ struct bfq_data {
*/
struct rb_root queue_weights_tree;
/*
- * rbtree of non-queue @bfq_entity weight counters, sorted by
- * weight. Used to keep track of whether all @bfq_groups have
- * the same weight. The tree contains one counter for each
- * distinct weight associated to some active @bfq_group (see
- * the comments to the functions bfq_weights_tree_[add|remove]
- * for further details).
+ * number of groups with requests still waiting for completion
*/
- struct rb_root group_weights_tree;
+ unsigned int num_active_groups;

/*
* Number of bfq_queues containing requests (including the
@@ -851,10 +846,10 @@ struct bfq_queue *bic_to_bfqq(struct bfq_io_cq *bic, bool is_sync);
void bic_set_bfqq(struct bfq_io_cq *bic, struct bfq_queue *bfqq, bool is_sync);
struct bfq_data *bic_to_bfqd(struct bfq_io_cq *bic);
void bfq_pos_tree_add_move(struct bfq_data *bfqd, struct bfq_queue *bfqq);
-void bfq_weights_tree_add(struct bfq_data *bfqd, struct bfq_entity *entity,
+void bfq_weights_tree_add(struct bfq_data *bfqd, struct bfq_queue *bfqq,
struct rb_root *root);
void __bfq_weights_tree_remove(struct bfq_data *bfqd,
- struct bfq_entity *entity,
+ struct bfq_queue *bfqq,
struct rb_root *root);
void bfq_weights_tree_remove(struct bfq_data *bfqd,
struct bfq_queue *bfqq);
diff --git a/block/bfq-wf2q.c b/block/bfq-wf2q.c
index ff7c2d470bb8..476b5a90a5a4 100644
--- a/block/bfq-wf2q.c
+++ b/block/bfq-wf2q.c
@@ -788,25 +788,29 @@ __bfq_entity_update_weight_prio(struct bfq_service_tree *old_st,
new_weight = entity->orig_weight *
(bfqq ? bfqq->wr_coeff : 1);
/*
- * If the weight of the entity changes, remove the entity
- * from its old weight counter (if there is a counter
- * associated with the entity), and add it to the counter
- * associated with its new weight.
+ * If the weight of the entity changes, and the entity is a
+ * queue, remove the entity from its old weight counter (if
+ * there is a counter associated with the entity).
*/
if (prev_weight != new_weight) {
- root = bfqq ? &bfqd->queue_weights_tree :
- &bfqd->group_weights_tree;
- __bfq_weights_tree_remove(bfqd, entity, root);
+ if (bfqq) {
+ root = &bfqd->queue_weights_tree;
+ __bfq_weights_tree_remove(bfqd, bfqq, root);
+ } else
+ bfqd->num_active_groups--;
}
entity->weight = new_weight;
/*
- * Add the entity to its weights tree only if it is
- * not associated with a weight-raised queue.
+ * Add the entity, if it is not a weight-raised queue,
+ * to the counter associated with its new weight.
*/
- if (prev_weight != new_weight &&
- (bfqq ? bfqq->wr_coeff == 1 : 1))
- /* If we get here, root has been initialized. */
- bfq_weights_tree_add(bfqd, entity, root);
+ if (prev_weight != new_weight) {
+ if (bfqq && bfqq->wr_coeff == 1) {
+ /* If we get here, root has been initialized. */
+ bfq_weights_tree_add(bfqd, bfqq, root);
+ } else
+ bfqd->num_active_groups++;
+ }

new_st->wsum += entity->weight;

@@ -1012,9 +1016,9 @@ static void __bfq_activate_entity(struct bfq_entity *entity,
if (!bfq_entity_to_bfqq(entity)) { /* bfq_group */
struct bfq_group *bfqg =
container_of(entity, struct bfq_group, entity);
+ struct bfq_data *bfqd = bfqg->bfqd;

- bfq_weights_tree_add(bfqg->bfqd, entity,
- &bfqd->group_weights_tree);
+ bfqd->num_active_groups++;
}
#endif

@@ -1692,7 +1696,7 @@ void bfq_add_bfqq_busy(struct bfq_data *bfqd, struct bfq_queue *bfqq)

if (!bfqq->dispatched)
if (bfqq->wr_coeff == 1)
- bfq_weights_tree_add(bfqd, &bfqq->entity,
+ bfq_weights_tree_add(bfqd, bfqq,
&bfqd->queue_weights_tree);

if (bfqq->wr_coeff > 1)
--
2.19.1