[PATCH v4] signal: add taskfd_send_signal() syscall

From: Christian Brauner
Date: Thu Dec 06 2018 - 07:19:55 EST

The kill() syscall operates on process identifiers (pid). After a process
has exited its pid can be reused by another process. If a caller sends a
signal to a reused pid it will end up signaling the wrong process. This
issue has often surfaced and there has been a push [1] to address this
problem.

This patch uses file descriptors (fd) from proc/<pid> as stable handles on
struct pid. Even if a pid is recycled the handle will not change. The fd
can be used to send signals to the process it refers to.
Thus, the new syscall taskfd_send_signal() is introduced to solve this
problem. Instead of pids it operates on process fds (taskfd).

/* prototype and argument /*
long taskfd_send_signal(int taskfd, int sig, siginfo_t *info, unsigned int flags);

In addition to the taskfd and signal argument it takes an additional
siginfo_t and flags argument. If the siginfo_t argument is NULL then
taskfd_send_signal() behaves like kill(). If it is not NULL
taskfd_send_signal() behaves like rt_sigqueueinfo().
The flags argument is added to allow for future extensions of this syscall.
It currently needs to be passed as 0. Failing to do so will cause EINVAL.

/* taskfd_send_signal() replaces multiple pid-based syscalls */
The taskfd_send_signal() syscall currently takes on the job of the
following syscalls that operate on pids:
- kill(2)
- rt_sigqueueinfo(2)
The syscall is defined in such a way that it can also operate on thread fds
instead of process fds. In a future patchset I will extend it to operate on
taskfds from /proc/<pid>/task/<tid> at which point it will additionally
take on the job of:
- tgkill(2)
- rt_tgsigqueueinfo(2)
Right now this is intentionally left out to keep this patchset as simple as
possible (cf. [4]). If a taskfd of /proc/<pid>/task/<tid> is passed
EOPNOTSUPP will be returned to give userspace a way to detect when I add
support for such taskfds (cf. [10]).

/* naming */
The original prefix of the syscall was "procfd_". However, it has been
pointed out that since this syscall will eventually operate on both
processes and threads the name should reflect this (cf. [12]). The best
possible candidate even from a userspace perspective seems to be "task".
Although "task" is used internally we are alreday deviating from POSIX by
using file descriptors to processes in the first place so it seems fine to
use the "taskfd_" prefix.

The name taskfd_send_signal() was also chosen to reflect the fact that it
takes on the job of multiple syscalls. It is intentional that the name is
not reminiscent of neither kill(2) nor rt_sigqueueinfo(2). Not the fomer
because it might imply that taskfd_send_signal() is only a replacement for
kill(2) and not the latter because it is a hazzle to remember the correct
spelling (especially for non-native speakers) and because it is not
descriptive enough of what the syscall actually does. The name
"taskfd_send_signal" makes it very clear that its job is to send signals.

/* O_PATH file descriptors */
taskfds opened as O_PATH fds cannot be used to send signals to a process
(cf. [2]). Signaling processes through taskfds is the equivalent of writing
to a file. Thus, this is not an operation that operates "purely at the
file descriptor level" as required by the open(2) manpage.

/* zombies */
Zombies can be signaled just as any other process. No special error will be
reported since a zombie state is an unreliable state (cf. [3]).

/* cross-namespace signals */
The patch currently enforces that the signaler and signalee either are in
the same pid namespace or that the signaler's pid namespace is an ancestor
of the signalee's pid namespace. This is done for the sake of simplicity
and because it is unclear to what values certain members of struct
siginfo_t would need to be set to (cf. [5], [6]).

/* compat syscalls */
It became clear that we would like to avoid adding compat syscalls (cf.
[7]). The compat syscall handling is now done in kernel/signal.c itself by
adding __copy_siginfo_from_user_generic() which lets us avoid compat
syscalls (cf. [8]). It should be noted that the addition of
__copy_siginfo_from_user_any() is caused by a bug in the original
implementation of rt_sigqueueinfo(2) (cf. 12).
With upcoming rework for syscall handling things might improve
significantly (cf. [11]) and __copy_siginfo_from_user_any() will not gain
any additional callers.

/* testing */
This patch was tested on x64 and x86.

/* userspace usage */
An asciinema recording for the basic functionality can be found under [9].
With this patch a process can be killed via:

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>

static inline int do_taskfd_send_signal(int taskfd, int sig, siginfo_t *info,
unsigned int flags)
{
#ifdef __NR_taskfd_send_signal
return syscall(__NR_taskfd_send_signal, taskfd, sig, info, flags);
#else
return -ENOSYS;
#endif
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int fd, ret, saved_errno, sig;

if (argc < 3)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

fd = open(argv[1], O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC);
if (fd < 0) {
printf("%s - Failed to open \"%s\"\n", strerror(errno), argv[1]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

sig = atoi(argv[2]);

printf("Sending signal %d to process %s\n", sig, argv[1]);
ret = do_taskfd_send_signal(fd, sig, NULL, 0);

saved_errno = errno;
close(fd);
errno = saved_errno;

if (ret < 0) {
printf("%s - Failed to send signal %d to process %s\n",
strerror(errno), sig, argv[1]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

[1]: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20181029221037.87724-1-dancol@xxxxxxxxxx/
[2]: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/874lbtjvtd.fsf@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/
[3]: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20181204132604.aspfupwjgjx6fhva@xxxxxxxxxx/
[4]: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20181203180224.fkvw4kajtbvru2ku@xxxxxxxxxx/
[5]: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20181121213946.GA10795@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/
[6]: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20181120103111.etlqp7zop34v6nv4@xxxxxxxxxx/
[7]: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/36323361-90BD-41AF-AB5B-EE0D7BA02C21@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx/
[8]: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/87tvjxp8pc.fsf@xxxxxxxxxxxx/
[9]: https://asciinema.org/a/IQjuCHew6bnq1cr78yuMv16cy
[10]: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20181203180224.fkvw4kajtbvru2ku@xxxxxxxxxx/
[11]: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/F53D6D38-3521-4C20-9034-5AF447DF62FF@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx/
[12]: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/87zhtjn8ck.fsf@xxxxxxxxxxxx/

Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@xxxxxxxx>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xxxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Serge Hallyn <serge@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Andy Lutomirsky <luto@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Florian Weimer <fweimer@xxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <christian@xxxxxxxxxx>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@xxxxxxxxxxxx>
---
Changelog:
v4:
- updated asciinema to use "taskfd_" prefix
- s/procfd_send_signal/taskfd_send_signal/g
- s/proc_is_tgid_procfd/tgid_taskfd_to_pid/b
- s/proc_is_tid_procfd/tid_taskfd_to_pid/b
- s/__copy_siginfo_from_user_generic/__copy_siginfo_from_user_any/g
- make it clear that __copy_siginfo_from_user_any() is a workaround caused
by a bug in the original implementation of rt_sigqueueinfo()
- when spoofing signals turn them into regular kill signals if si_code is
set to SI_USER
- make proc_is_t{g}id_procfd() return struct pid to allow proc_pid() to
stay private to fs/proc/
v3:
- add __copy_siginfo_from_user_generic() to avoid adding compat syscalls
- s/procfd_signal/procfd_send_signal/g
- change type of flags argument from int to unsigned int
- add comment about what happens to zombies
- add proc_is_tid_procfd()
- return EOPNOTSUPP when /proc/<pid>/task/<tid> fd is passed so userspace
has a way of knowing that tidfds are not supported currently.
v2:
- define __NR_procfd_signal in unistd.h
- wire up compat syscall
- s/proc_is_procfd/proc_is_tgid_procfd/g
- provide stubs when CONFIG_PROC_FS=n
- move proc_pid() to linux/proc_fs.h header
- use proc_pid() to grab struct pid from /proc/<pid> fd
v1:
- patch introduced
---
arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_32.tbl | 1 +
arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl | 1 +
fs/proc/base.c | 20 +++-
include/linux/proc_fs.h | 12 +++
include/linux/syscalls.h | 3 +
include/uapi/asm-generic/unistd.h | 4 +-
kernel/signal.c | 132 +++++++++++++++++++++++--
7 files changed, 164 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_32.tbl b/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_32.tbl
index 3cf7b533b3d1..7efb63fd0617 100644
--- a/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_32.tbl
+++ b/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_32.tbl
@@ -398,3 +398,4 @@
384 i386 arch_prctl sys_arch_prctl __ia32_compat_sys_arch_prctl
385 i386 io_pgetevents sys_io_pgetevents __ia32_compat_sys_io_pgetevents
386 i386 rseq sys_rseq __ia32_sys_rseq
+387 i386 taskfd_send_signal sys_taskfd_send_signal __ia32_sys_taskfd_send_signal
diff --git a/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl b/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl
index f0b1709a5ffb..be894f4a84e9 100644
--- a/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl
+++ b/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl
@@ -343,6 +343,7 @@
332 common statx __x64_sys_statx
333 common io_pgetevents __x64_sys_io_pgetevents
334 common rseq __x64_sys_rseq
+335 common taskfd_send_signal __x64_sys_taskfd_send_signal

#
# x32-specific system call numbers start at 512 to avoid cache impact
diff --git a/fs/proc/base.c b/fs/proc/base.c
index ce3465479447..b8b88bfee455 100644
--- a/fs/proc/base.c
+++ b/fs/proc/base.c
@@ -716,8 +716,6 @@ static int proc_pid_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask)
return generic_permission(inode, mask);
}

-
-
static const struct inode_operations proc_def_inode_operations = {
.setattr = proc_setattr,
};
@@ -3038,6 +3036,15 @@ static const struct file_operations proc_tgid_base_operations = {
.llseek = generic_file_llseek,
};

+struct pid *tgid_taskfd_to_pid(const struct file *file)
+{
+ if (!d_is_dir(file->f_path.dentry) ||
+ (file->f_op != &proc_tgid_base_operations))
+ return ERR_PTR(-EBADF);
+
+ return proc_pid(file_inode(file));
+}
+
static struct dentry *proc_tgid_base_lookup(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, unsigned int flags)
{
return proc_pident_lookup(dir, dentry,
@@ -3422,6 +3429,15 @@ static const struct file_operations proc_tid_base_operations = {
.llseek = generic_file_llseek,
};

+struct pid *tid_taskfd_to_pid(const struct file *file)
+{
+ if (!d_is_dir(file->f_path.dentry) ||
+ (file->f_op != &proc_tid_base_operations))
+ return ERR_PTR(-EBADF);
+
+ return proc_pid(file_inode(file));
+}
+
static const struct inode_operations proc_tid_base_inode_operations = {
.lookup = proc_tid_base_lookup,
.getattr = pid_getattr,
diff --git a/include/linux/proc_fs.h b/include/linux/proc_fs.h
index d0e1f1522a78..96817415c420 100644
--- a/include/linux/proc_fs.h
+++ b/include/linux/proc_fs.h
@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ struct proc_dir_entry *proc_create_net_single_write(const char *name, umode_t mo
int (*show)(struct seq_file *, void *),
proc_write_t write,
void *data);
+extern struct pid *tgid_taskfd_to_pid(const struct file *file);
+extern struct pid *tid_taskfd_to_pid(const struct file *file);

#else /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */

@@ -114,6 +116,16 @@ static inline int remove_proc_subtree(const char *name, struct proc_dir_entry *p
#define proc_create_net(name, mode, parent, state_size, ops) ({NULL;})
#define proc_create_net_single(name, mode, parent, show, data) ({NULL;})

+static inline struct pid *tgid_taskfd_to_pid(const struct file *file)
+{
+ return ERR_PTR(-EBADF);
+}
+
+static inline struct pid *tid_taskfd_to_pid(const struct file *file)
+{
+ return ERR_PTR(-EBADF);
+}
+
#endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */

struct net;
diff --git a/include/linux/syscalls.h b/include/linux/syscalls.h
index 2ac3d13a915b..5ffe194ef29b 100644
--- a/include/linux/syscalls.h
+++ b/include/linux/syscalls.h
@@ -907,6 +907,9 @@ asmlinkage long sys_statx(int dfd, const char __user *path, unsigned flags,
unsigned mask, struct statx __user *buffer);
asmlinkage long sys_rseq(struct rseq __user *rseq, uint32_t rseq_len,
int flags, uint32_t sig);
+asmlinkage long sys_taskfd_send_signal(int taskfd, int sig,
+ siginfo_t __user *info,
+ unsigned int flags);

/*
* Architecture-specific system calls
diff --git a/include/uapi/asm-generic/unistd.h b/include/uapi/asm-generic/unistd.h
index 538546edbfbd..9343dca63fd9 100644
--- a/include/uapi/asm-generic/unistd.h
+++ b/include/uapi/asm-generic/unistd.h
@@ -738,9 +738,11 @@ __SYSCALL(__NR_statx, sys_statx)
__SC_COMP(__NR_io_pgetevents, sys_io_pgetevents, compat_sys_io_pgetevents)
#define __NR_rseq 293
__SYSCALL(__NR_rseq, sys_rseq)
+#define __NR_taskfd_send_signal 294
+__SYSCALL(__NR_taskfd_send_signal, sys_taskfd_send_signal)

#undef __NR_syscalls
-#define __NR_syscalls 294
+#define __NR_syscalls 295

/*
* 32 bit systems traditionally used different
diff --git a/kernel/signal.c b/kernel/signal.c
index 9a32bc2088c9..a00a4bcb7605 100644
--- a/kernel/signal.c
+++ b/kernel/signal.c
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@
#include <linux/sched/task.h>
#include <linux/sched/task_stack.h>
#include <linux/sched/cputime.h>
+#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/binfmts.h>
#include <linux/coredump.h>
@@ -3286,6 +3288,16 @@ COMPAT_SYSCALL_DEFINE4(rt_sigtimedwait, compat_sigset_t __user *, uthese,
}
#endif

+static inline void prepare_kill_siginfo(int sig, struct kernel_siginfo *info)
+{
+ clear_siginfo(info);
+ info->si_signo = sig;
+ info->si_errno = 0;
+ info->si_code = SI_USER;
+ info->si_pid = task_tgid_vnr(current);
+ info->si_uid = from_kuid_munged(current_user_ns(), current_uid());
+}
+
/**
* sys_kill - send a signal to a process
* @pid: the PID of the process
@@ -3295,16 +3307,124 @@ SYSCALL_DEFINE2(kill, pid_t, pid, int, sig)
{
struct kernel_siginfo info;

- clear_siginfo(&info);
- info.si_signo = sig;
- info.si_errno = 0;
- info.si_code = SI_USER;
- info.si_pid = task_tgid_vnr(current);
- info.si_uid = from_kuid_munged(current_user_ns(), current_uid());
+ prepare_kill_siginfo(sig, &info);

return kill_something_info(sig, &info, pid);
}

+/*
+ * Verify that the signaler and signalee either are in the same pid namespace
+ * or that the signaler's pid namespace is an ancestor of the signalee's pid
+ * namespace.
+ */
+static bool may_signal_taskfd(struct pid *pid)
+{
+ struct pid_namespace *active = task_active_pid_ns(current);
+ struct pid_namespace *p = ns_of_pid(pid);
+
+ for (;;) {
+ if (!p)
+ return false;
+ if (p == active)
+ break;
+ p = p->parent;
+ }
+
+ return true;
+}
+
+static int copy_siginfo_from_user_any(kernel_siginfo_t *kinfo, siginfo_t *info)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
+ /*
+ * Avoid hooking up compat syscalls and instead handle necessary
+ * conversions here. Note, this is a stop-gap measure and should not be
+ * considered a generic solution.
+ */
+ if (in_compat_syscall())
+ return copy_siginfo_from_user32(
+ kinfo, (struct compat_siginfo __user *)info);
+#endif
+ return copy_siginfo_from_user(kinfo, info);
+}
+
+/**
+ * sys_taskfd_send_signal - send a signal to a process through a task file
+ * descriptor
+ * @taskfd: the file descriptor of the process
+ * @sig: signal to be sent
+ * @info: the signal info
+ * @flags: future flags to be passed
+ *
+ * Return: 0 on success, negative errno on failure
+ */
+SYSCALL_DEFINE4(taskfd_send_signal, int, taskfd, int, sig,
+ siginfo_t __user *, info, unsigned int, flags)
+{
+ int ret;
+ struct fd f;
+ struct pid *pid;
+ kernel_siginfo_t kinfo;
+
+ /* Enforce flags be set to 0 until we add an extension. */
+ if (flags)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ f = fdget_raw(taskfd);
+ if (!f.file)
+ return -EBADF;
+
+ pid = tid_taskfd_to_pid(f.file);
+ if (!IS_ERR(pid)) {
+ /*
+ * Give userspace a way to detect /proc/<pid>/task/<tid>
+ * support when we add it.
+ */
+ ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
+ goto err;
+ }
+
+ /* Is this a procfd? */
+ pid = tgid_taskfd_to_pid(f.file);
+ if (IS_ERR(pid)) {
+ ret = PTR_ERR(pid);
+ goto err;
+ }
+
+ ret = -EINVAL;
+ if (!may_signal_taskfd(pid))
+ goto err;
+
+ if (info) {
+ ret = copy_siginfo_from_user_any(&kinfo, info);
+ if (unlikely(ret))
+ goto err;
+
+ ret = -EINVAL;
+ if (unlikely(sig != kinfo.si_signo))
+ goto err;
+
+ if ((task_pid(current) != pid) &&
+ (kinfo.si_code >= 0 || kinfo.si_code == SI_TKILL)) {
+ /* Only allow sending arbitrary signals to yourself. */
+ ret = -EPERM;
+ if (kinfo.si_code != SI_USER)
+ goto err;
+
+ /* Turn this into a regular kill signal. */
+ prepare_kill_siginfo(sig, &kinfo);
+ }
+ } else {
+ prepare_kill_siginfo(sig, &kinfo);
+ }
+
+ ret = kill_pid_info(sig, &kinfo, pid);
+
+err:
+ fdput(f);
+ return ret;
+}
+
static int
do_send_specific(pid_t tgid, pid_t pid, int sig, struct kernel_siginfo *info)
{
--
2.19.1