Re: [PATCH tip/core/rcu 06/19] rcu: Add warning to detect half-interrupts

[Paul E. McKenney]

On Mon, Mar 11, 2019 at 09:39:39AM -0400, Joel Fernandes wrote:
> On Wed, Aug 29, 2018 at 03:20:34PM -0700, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> > RCU's dyntick-idle code is written to tolerate half-interrupts, that it,
> > either an interrupt that invokes rcu_irq_enter() but never invokes the
> > corresponding rcu_irq_exit() on the one hand, or an interrupt that never
> > invokes rcu_irq_enter() but does invoke the "corresponding" rcu_irq_exit()
> > on the other.  These things really did happen at one time, as evidenced
> > by this ca-2011 LKML post:
> > 
> > http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20111014170019.GE2428@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
> > 
> > The reason why RCU tolerates half-interrupts is that usermode helpers
> > used exceptions to invoke a system call from within the kernel such that
> > the system call did a normal return (not a return from exception) to
> > the calling context.  This caused rcu_irq_enter() to be invoked without
> > a matching rcu_irq_exit().  However, usermode helpers have since been
> > rewritten to make much more housebroken use of workqueues, kernel threads,
> > and do_execve(), and therefore should no longer produce half-interrupts.
> > No one knows of any other source of half-interrupts, but then again,
> > no one seems insane enough to go audit the entire kernel to verify that
> > half-interrupts really are a relic of the past.
> > 
> > This commit therefore adds a pair of WARN_ON_ONCE() calls that will
> > trigger in the presence of half interrupts, which the code will continue
> > to handle correctly.  If neither of these WARN_ON_ONCE() trigger by
> > mid-2021, then perhaps RCU can stop handling half-interrupts, which
> > would be a considerable simplification.
> 
> Hi Paul and everyone,
> I was thinking some more about this patch and whether we can simplify this code
> much in 2021. Since 2021 is a bit far away, I thought working on it in again to
> keep it fresh in memory is a good idea ;-)

Indeed, easy to forget.  ;-)

> To me it seems we cannot easily combine the counters (dynticks_nesting and
> dynticks_nmi_nesting) even if we confirmed that there is no possibility of a
> half-interrupt scenario (assuming simplication means counter combining like
> Byungchul tried to do in https://goo.gl/X1U77X). The reason is because these
> 2 counters need to be tracked separately as they are used differently in the
> following function:
> 
> static int rcu_is_cpu_rrupt_from_idle(void)
> {
>         return __this_cpu_read(rcu_data.dynticks_nesting) <= 0 &&
>                __this_cpu_read(rcu_data.dynticks_nmi_nesting) <= 1;
> }
> 
> dynticks_nesting actually tracks if we entered/exited idle or user mode.

True, though it tracks user mode only in CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL kernels.

> dynticks_nmi_nesting tracks if we entered/exited interrupts.

Including NMIs, yes.

> We have to do the "dynticks_nmi_nesting <= 1" check because
> rcu_is_cpu_rrupt_from_idle() can possibly be called from an interrupt itself
> (like timer) so we discount 1 interrupt, and, the "dynticks_nesting <= 0"
> check is because the CPU MUST be in user or idle for the check to return
> true. We can't really combine these two into one counter then I think because
> they both convey different messages.
> 
> The only simplication we can do, is probably the "crowbar" updates to
> dynticks_nmi_nesting can be removed from rcu_eqs_enter/exit once we confirm
> no more half-interrupts are possible. Which might still be a worthwhile thing
> to do (while still keeping both counters separate).
> 
> However, I think we could combine the counters and lead to simplying the code
> in case we implement rcu_is_cpu_rrupt_from_idle differently such that it does
> not need the counters but NOHZ_FULL may take issue with that since it needs
> rcu_user_enter->rcu_eqs_enter to convey that the CPU is "RCU"-idle.

I haven't gone through it in detail, but it seems like we should be able
to treat in-kernel process-level execution like an interrupt from idle
or userspace, as the case might be.  If we did that, shouldn't we be
able to just do this?

static int rcu_is_cpu_rrupt_from_idle(void)
{
        return __this_cpu_read(rcu_data.dynticks_nmi_nesting) <= 1;
}

> Actually, I had another question... rcu_user_enter() is a NOOP in !NOHZ_FULL config.
> In this case I was wondering if the the warning Paul added (in the patch I'm replying to)
> will really get fired for half-interrupts. The vast majority of the systems I believe are
> NOHZ_IDLE not NOHZ_FULL.
> This is what a half-interrupt really looks like right? Please correct me if I'm wrong:
> rcu_irq_enter()   [half interrupt causes an exception and thus rcu_irq_enter]
> rcu_user_enter()  [due to usermode upcall]
> rcu_user_exit()
> (no more rcu_irq_exit() - hence half an interrupt)
> 
> But the rcu_user_enter()/exit is a NOOP in some configs, so will the warning in
> rcu_eqs_e{xit,nter} really do anything?

Yes, because these are also called from rcu_idle_enter() and
rcu_idle_exit(), which is invoked even in !NO_HZ_FULL kernels.

> Or was the idea with adding the new warnings, that they would fire the next
> time rcu_idle_enter/exit is called? Like for example:
> 
> rcu_irq_enter()   [This is due to half-interrupt]
> rcu_idle_enter()  [Eventually we enter the idle loop at some point
> 		   after the half-interrupt and the rcu_eqs_enter()
> 		   would "crowbar" the dynticks_nmi_nesting counter to 0].

You got it!  ;-)

So yes, these warnings just detect the presence of misnesting.  Presumably
event tracing would then be used to track down the culprits.  Assuming that
the misnesting is reproducible and all that.

							Thanx, Paul

> thanks!
> 
>  - Joel
> 
> > 
> > Reported-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@xxxxxxxxxxx>
> > Reported-by: Joel Fernandes <joel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
> > Reported-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@xxxxxxxxxx>
> > Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
> > Reviewed-by: Joel Fernandes (Google) <joel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
> > ---
> >  kernel/rcu/tree.c | 2 ++
> >  1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
> > 
> > diff --git a/kernel/rcu/tree.c b/kernel/rcu/tree.c
> > index dc041c2afbcc..d2b6ade692c9 100644
> > --- a/kernel/rcu/tree.c
> > +++ b/kernel/rcu/tree.c
> > @@ -714,6 +714,7 @@ static void rcu_eqs_enter(bool user)
> >  	struct rcu_dynticks *rdtp;
> >  
> >  	rdtp = this_cpu_ptr(&rcu_dynticks);
> > +	WARN_ON_ONCE(rdtp->dynticks_nmi_nesting != DYNTICK_IRQ_NONIDLE);
> >  	WRITE_ONCE(rdtp->dynticks_nmi_nesting, 0);
> >  	WARN_ON_ONCE(IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_RCU_EQS_DEBUG) &&
> >  		     rdtp->dynticks_nesting == 0);
> > @@ -895,6 +896,7 @@ static void rcu_eqs_exit(bool user)
> >  	trace_rcu_dyntick(TPS("End"), rdtp->dynticks_nesting, 1, rdtp->dynticks);
> >  	WARN_ON_ONCE(IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_RCU_EQS_DEBUG) && !user && !is_idle_task(current));
> >  	WRITE_ONCE(rdtp->dynticks_nesting, 1);
> > +	WARN_ON_ONCE(rdtp->dynticks_nmi_nesting);
> >  	WRITE_ONCE(rdtp->dynticks_nmi_nesting, DYNTICK_IRQ_NONIDLE);
> >  }
> >  
> > -- 
> > 2.17.1
> > 
>