[v2, 2/4] Emulate simple x86 instructions in userspace

From: Sam Caccavale
Date: Wed Jun 12 2019 - 11:41:31 EST

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Added the minimal subset of code to run afl-harness with a binary file
as input. These bytes are used to populate the vcpu structure and then
as an instruction stream for the emulator. It does not attempt to handle
exceptions an only supports very simple ops.

CR: https://code.amazon.com/reviews/CR-8552453
---
tools/fuzz/x86ie/afl-harness.c | 8 +-
tools/fuzz/x86ie/emulator_ops.c | 342 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
tools/fuzz/x86ie/emulator_ops.h | 7 +-
tools/fuzz/x86ie/scripts/afl-many | 28 +++
4 files changed, 379 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
create mode 100755 tools/fuzz/x86ie/scripts/afl-many

diff --git a/tools/fuzz/x86ie/afl-harness.c b/tools/fuzz/x86ie/afl-harness.c
index b3b09d7f15f2..a3eeab0cfc90 100644
--- a/tools/fuzz/x86ie/afl-harness.c
+++ b/tools/fuzz/x86ie/afl-harness.c
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)

switch (c) {
case OPT_INPUT_SIZE:
- printf("Min: %u\n", MIN_INPUT_SIZE);
+ printf("Min: %lu\n", MIN_INPUT_SIZE);
printf("Max: %u\n", MAX_INPUT_SIZE);
exit(0);
break;
@@ -77,6 +77,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)

state = create_emulator();
state->data = malloc(INSTRUCTION_BYTES);
+ if (!state->data) {
+ printf("Malloc failed.\n");
+ return -1;
+ }

#ifdef __AFL_HAVE_MANUAL_CONTROL
__AFL_INIT();
@@ -109,8 +113,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_SET);
}
#endif
- reset_emulator(state);
-
size = fread(state, 1, MIN_INPUT_SIZE, fp);
if (size != MIN_INPUT_SIZE) {
printf("Input does not populate state\n");
diff --git a/tools/fuzz/x86ie/emulator_ops.c b/tools/fuzz/x86ie/emulator_ops.c
index 55ae4e8fbd96..370ac970ab9d 100644
--- a/tools/fuzz/x86ie/emulator_ops.c
+++ b/tools/fuzz/x86ie/emulator_ops.c
@@ -29,17 +29,349 @@
#include <asm/user_64.h>
#include <asm/kvm.h>

+ulong emul_read_gpr(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, unsigned int reg)
+{
+ assert(reg < number_of_gprs(ctxt));
+ return get_state(ctxt)->vcpu.regs[reg];
+}
+
+void emul_write_gpr(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, unsigned int reg, ulong val)
+{
+ assert(reg < number_of_gprs(ctxt));
+ get_state(ctxt)->vcpu.regs[reg] = val;
+}
+
+/* All read ops: */
+
+static int _get_bytes(void *dst, struct state *state, unsigned int bytes,
+ char *callee)
+{
+ if (state->bytes_consumed + bytes > state->data_available) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "Tried retrieving %d bytes\n", bytes);
+ fprintf(stderr, "%s failed to retrieve bytes for %s.\n",
+ __func__, callee);
+ return X86EMUL_UNHANDLEABLE;
+ }
+
+ memcpy(dst, &state->data[state->bytes_consumed], bytes);
+ return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * The only function that any x86_emulate_ops should call to retrieve bytes.
+ * See comments in struct state definition for more information.
+ */
+static int get_bytes_and_increment(void *dst, struct state *state,
+ unsigned int bytes, char *callee)
+{
+ int rc = _get_bytes(dst, state, bytes, callee);
+
+ if (rc == X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
+ state->bytes_consumed += bytes;
+
+ return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+ * This is called by x86_decode_insn to fetch bytes.
+ */
+int emul_fetch(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, unsigned long addr, void *val,
+ unsigned int bytes, struct x86_exception *fault)
+{
+ if (get_bytes_and_increment(val, get_state(ctxt), bytes,
+ "emul_fetch") != X86EMUL_CONTINUE) {
+ return X86EMUL_UNHANDLEABLE;
+ }
+
+ return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+int emul_read_emulated(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
+ unsigned long addr, void *val, unsigned int bytes,
+ struct x86_exception *fault)
+{
+ if (get_bytes_and_increment(val, get_state(ctxt), bytes,
+ "emul_read_emulated") != X86EMUL_CONTINUE) {
+ return X86EMUL_UNHANDLEABLE;
+ }
+
+ return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+int emul_write_emulated(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
+ unsigned long addr, const void *val,
+ unsigned int bytes,
+ struct x86_exception *fault)
+{
+ return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+ulong emul_get_cr(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int cr)
+{
+ return get_state(ctxt)->vcpu.cr[cr];
+}
+
+int emul_set_cr(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int cr, ulong val)
+{
+ get_state(ctxt)->vcpu.cr[cr] = val;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+unsigned int emul_get_hflags(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
+{
+ return get_state(ctxt)->vcpu.rflags;
+}
+
+void emul_set_hflags(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, unsigned int hflags)
+{
+ get_state(ctxt)->vcpu.rflags = hflags;
+}
+
+/* End of emulator ops */
+
+#define SET(h) .h = emul_##h
+const struct x86_emulate_ops all_emulator_ops = {
+ SET(read_gpr),
+ SET(write_gpr),
+ SET(fetch),
+ SET(read_emulated),
+ SET(write_emulated),
+ SET(get_cr),
+ SET(set_cr),
+ SET(get_hflags),
+ SET(set_hflags),
+};
+#undef SET
+
+enum {
+ HOOK_read_gpr,
+ HOOK_write_gpr,
+ HOOK_fetch,
+ HOOK_read_emulated,
+ HOOK_write_emulated,
+ HOOK_get_cr,
+ HOOK_set_cr,
+ HOOK_get_hflags,
+ HOOK_set_hflags
+};
+
+/*
+ * Disable an x86_emulate_op if options << HOOK_op is set.
+ *
+ * Expects options to be defined.
+ */
+#define MAYBE_DISABLE_HOOK(h) \
+ do { \
+ if (options & (1 << HOOK_##h)) { \
+ vcpu->ctxt.ops.h = NULL; \
+ debug("Disabling hook " #h "\n"); \
+ } \
+ } while (0)
+
+/*
+ * FROM XEN:
+ *
+ * Constrain input to architecturally-possible states where
+ * the emulator relies on these
+ *
+ * In general we want the emulator to be as absolutely robust as
+ * possible; which means that we want to minimize the number of things
+ * it assumes about the input state. Tesing this means minimizing and
+ * removing as much of the input constraints as possible.
+ *
+ * So we only add constraints that (in general) have been proven to
+ * cause crashes in the emulator.
+ *
+ * For future reference: other constraints which might be necessary at
+ * some point:
+ *
+ * - EFER.LMA => !EFLAGS.NT
+ * - In VM86 mode, force segment...
+ * - ...access rights to 0xf3
+ * - ...limits to 0xffff
+ * - ...bases to below 1Mb, 16-byte aligned
+ * - ...selectors to (base >> 4)
+ */
+static void sanitize_input(struct state *s)
+{
+ /* Some hooks can't be disabled. */
+ // options &= ~((1<<HOOK_read)|(1<<HOOK_insn_fetch));
+
+ /* Zero 'private' entries */
+ // regs->error_code = 0;
+ // regs->entry_vector = 0;
+
+ // CANONICALIZE_MAYBE(rip);
+ // CANONICALIZE_MAYBE(rsp);
+ // CANONICALIZE_MAYBE(rbp);
+
+ /*
+ * CR0.PG can't be set if CR0.PE isn't set. Set is more interesting, so
+ * set PE if PG is set.
+ */
+ if (s->vcpu.cr[0] & X86_CR0_PG)
+ s->vcpu.cr[0] |= X86_CR0_PE;
+
+ /* EFLAGS.VM not available in long mode */
+ if (s->ctxt.mode == X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64)
+ s->vcpu.rflags &= ~X86_EFLAGS_VM;
+
+ /* EFLAGS.VM implies 16-bit mode */
+ if (s->vcpu.rflags & X86_EFLAGS_VM) {
+ s->vcpu.segments[x86_seg_cs].db = 0;
+ s->vcpu.segments[x86_seg_ss].db = 0;
+ }
+}
+
void initialize_emulator(struct state *state)
{
+ reset_emulator(state);
+ state->ctxt.ops = &all_emulator_ops;
+
+ /* See also sanitize_input, some hooks can't be disabled. */
+ // MAYBE_DISABLE_HOOK(read_gpr);
+
+ sanitize_input(state);
+}
+
+static const char *const x86emul_mode_string[] = {
+ [X86EMUL_MODE_REAL] = "X86EMUL_MODE_REAL",
+ [X86EMUL_MODE_VM86] = "X86EMUL_MODE_VM86",
+ [X86EMUL_MODE_PROT16] = "X86EMUL_MODE_PROT16",
+ [X86EMUL_MODE_PROT32] = "X86EMUL_MODE_PROT32",
+ [X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64] = "X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64",
+};
+
+static void dump_state_after(const char *desc, struct state *state)
+{
+ debug(" -- State after %s --\n", desc);
+ debug("mode: %s\n", x86emul_mode_string[state->ctxt.mode]);
+ debug(" cr0: %lx\n", state->vcpu.cr[0]);
+ debug(" cr3: %lx\n", state->vcpu.cr[3]);
+ debug(" cr4: %lx\n", state->vcpu.cr[4]);
+
+ debug("Decode _eip: %lu\n", state->ctxt._eip);
+ debug("Emulate eip: %lu\n", state->ctxt.eip);
+
+ debug("\n");
}

+static void init_emulate_ctxt(struct state *state)
+{
+ struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt = &state->ctxt;
+
+ ctxt->eflags = ctxt->ops->get_hflags(ctxt);
+ ctxt->tf = (ctxt->eflags & X86_EFLAGS_TF) != 0;
+
+ ctxt->mode = X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64; // TODO: eventually vary this
+
+ init_decode_cache(ctxt);
+}
+
+
int step_emulator(struct state *state)
{
- return 0;
+ int rc;
+ unsigned long prev_eip = state->ctxt._eip;
+ unsigned long emul_offset;
+ int decode_size = state->data_available - state->bytes_consumed;
+
+ /*
+ * This is annoing to have to explain the reasoning behind:
+ * ._eip is incremented by x86_decode_insn. It will be > .eip between
+ * decoding and emulating.
+ * .eip is incremented by x86_emulate_insn. It may be incremented
+ * beyond the length of instruction emulated E.G. if a jump is taken.
+ *
+ * If these are out of sync before emulating, then something is
+ * horribly wrong with the harness.
+ */
+ assert(state->ctxt.eip == state->ctxt._eip);
+
+ if (decode_size <= 0) {
+ debug("Out of instructions\n");
+ return X86EMUL_UNHANDLEABLE;
+ }
+
+ init_emulate_ctxt(state);
+ state->ctxt.interruptibility = 0;
+ state->ctxt.have_exception = false;
+ state->ctxt.exception.vector = -1;
+ state->ctxt.perm_ok = false;
+ state->ctxt.ud = 0; // (emulation_type(0) & EMULTYPE_TRAP_UD);
+
+ /*
+ * When decoding with NULL, 0, the emulator will use the emul_fetch
+ * op which handles incrementing the state->data variables. However
+ * x86_decode_insn will always try to grab 15 bytes which may be more
+ * than are left in the stream.
+ *
+ * Calling x86_decode_insn from a buffer with a length causes it to
+ * directly memcpy those bytes into the ctxt structure and does not
+ * increment state->bytes_consumed. In that case, we manually
+ * update state->bytes_consumed by the difference in the decoding
+ * _eip. This is gross but I cannot figure out a better way to do
+ * this.
+ *
+ * We must limit the size to avoid going over the buffer and since
+ * calling x86_decode_insn with a buffer does not go through any of
+ * our ops, we need to update bytes_consumed. The only improvement
+ * I can currently think of would be a nicer way to get the size of
+ * the decoded instruction.
+ */
+ if (decode_size > 15)
+ decode_size = 15;
+
+ rc = x86_decode_insn(&state->ctxt,
+ &state->data[state->bytes_consumed], decode_size);
+ assert(state->ctxt._eip - prev_eip > 0); // Only move forward.
+ state->bytes_consumed += state->ctxt._eip - prev_eip;
+
+ debug("Decode result: %d\n", rc);
+ if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
+ return rc;
+
+ emul_offset = state->ctxt._eip - state->ctxt.eip;
+ debug("Instruction: ");
+ print_n_bytes(&state->data[state->bytes_consumed - emul_offset],
+ emul_offset);
+
+ state->ctxt.exception.address = state->vcpu.cr[2];
+
+ // This is extraneous but explicit due to the above assert
+ prev_eip = state->ctxt.eip;
+ rc = x86_emulate_insn(&state->ctxt);
+ debug("Emulation result: %d\n", rc);
+ dump_state_after("emulating", state);
+
+ if (rc == -1) {
+ return rc;
+ } else if (state->ctxt.have_exception) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "Emulator propagated exception: { ");
+ fprintf(stderr, "vector: %d, ", state->ctxt.exception.vector);
+ fprintf(stderr, "error code: %d }\n",
+ state->ctxt.exception.error_code);
+ rc = X86EMUL_UNHANDLEABLE;
+ } else if (prev_eip == state->ctxt.eip) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "ctxt.eip not advanced.\n");
+ rc = X86EMUL_UNHANDLEABLE;
+ }
+
+ if (state->bytes_consumed == state->data_available)
+ debug("emulator is done\n");
+
+ return rc;
}

int emulate_until_complete(struct state *state)
{
+ int count = 0;
+
+ do {
+ count++;
+ } while (step_emulator(state) == X86EMUL_CONTINUE);
+
+ debug("Emulated %d instructions\n", count);
return 0;
}

@@ -51,8 +383,16 @@ struct state *create_emulator(void)

void reset_emulator(struct state *state)
{
+ unsigned char *data = state->data;
+ size_t data_available = state->data_available;
+
+ memset(state, 0, sizeof(struct state));
+
+ state->data = data;
+ state->data_available = data_available;
}

void free_emulator(struct state *state)
{
+ free(state);
}
diff --git a/tools/fuzz/x86ie/emulator_ops.h b/tools/fuzz/x86ie/emulator_ops.h
index 5ae072d5f205..19f3bd0ec6a3 100644
--- a/tools/fuzz/x86ie/emulator_ops.h
+++ b/tools/fuzz/x86ie/emulator_ops.h
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ struct state {
* Amount of bytes consumed for purposes other than instructions.
* E.G. whether a memory access should fault.
*/
- size_t other_bytes_consumed;
+ size_t bytes_consumed;

/* Emulation context */
struct x86_emulate_ctxt ctxt;
@@ -75,7 +75,10 @@ struct state {

#define get_state(h) container_of(h, struct state, ctxt)

-void buffer_stderr(void) __attribute__((constructor));
+static inline int number_of_gprs(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *c)
+{
+ return (c->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64 ? 16 : 8);
+}

/*
* Allocates space for, and creates a `struct state`. The user should set
diff --git a/tools/fuzz/x86ie/scripts/afl-many b/tools/fuzz/x86ie/scripts/afl-many
new file mode 100755
index 000000000000..ab15258573a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/fuzz/x86ie/scripts/afl-many
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
+# This is for running AFL over NPROC or `nproc` cores with normal AFL options.
+
+export AFL_NO_AFFINITY=1
+
+while [ -z "$sync_dir" ]; do
+ while getopts ":o:" opt; do
+ case "${opt}" in
+ o)
+ sync_dir="${OPTARG}"
+ ;;
+ *)
+ ;;
+ esac
+ done
+ ((OPTIND++))
+ [ $OPTIND -gt $# ] && break
+done
+
+for i in $(seq 1 $(( ${NPROC:-$(nproc)} - 1)) ); do
+ taskset -c "$i" ./afl-fuzz -S "slave$i" $@ >/dev/null 2>&1 &
+done
+taskset -c 0 ./afl-fuzz -M master $@ >/dev/null 2>&1 &
+
+sleep 5
+watch -n1 "echo \"Executing './afl-fuzz $@' on ${NPROC:-$(nproc)} cores.\" && ./afl-whatsup -s ${sync_dir}"
+pkill afl-fuzz
--
2.17.1

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10117 Berlin
Geschaeftsfuehrung: Christian Schlaeger, Ralf Herbrich
Eingetragen am Amtsgericht Charlottenburg unter HRB 149173 B
Sitz: Berlin
Ust-ID: DE 289 237 879

Next message: Sam Caccavale: "[v2, 1/4] Build target for emulate.o as a userspace binary"
Previous message: Peter Zijlstra: "Re: infinite loop in read_hpet from ktime_get_boot_fast_ns"
In reply to: Sam Caccavale: "[v2, 3/4] Demonstrating unit testing via simple-harness"
Next in thread: Sam Caccavale: "[v2, 1/4] Build target for emulate.o as a userspace binary"
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