[PATCH 1/2] Add manpages for move_mount(2) and open_tree(2)

[David Howells]

Add manual pages to document the move_mount and open_tree() system calls.

Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@xxxxxxxxxx>
---

 man2/move_mount.2 |  275 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 man2/open_tree.2  |  260 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 535 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 man2/move_mount.2
 create mode 100644 man2/open_tree.2

diff --git a/man2/move_mount.2 b/man2/move_mount.2
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9720ea6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man2/move_mount.2
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+'\" t
+.\" Copyright (c) 2019 David Howells <dhowells@xxxxxxxxxx>
+.\"
+.\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
+.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
+.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
+.\" preserved on all copies.
+.\"
+.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
+.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
+.\" permission notice identical to this one.
+.\"
+.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
+.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date.  The author(s) assume no
+.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
+.\" the use of the information contained herein.  The author(s) may not
+.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
+.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
+.\" professionally.
+.\"
+.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
+.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
+.\" %%%LICENSE_END
+.\"
+.TH MOVE_MOUNT 2 2019-10-10 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
+.SH NAME
+move_mount \- Move mount objects around the filesystem topology
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.B #include <sys/types.h>
+.br
+.B #include <sys/mount.h>
+.br
+.B #include <unistd.h>
+.br
+.BR "#include <fcntl.h>           " "/* Definition of AT_* constants */"
+.PP
+.BI "int move_mount(int " from_dirfd ", const char *" from_pathname ","
+.BI "               int " to_dirfd ", const char *" to_pathname ","
+.BI "               unsigned int " flags );
+.fi
+.PP
+.IR Note :
+There is no glibc wrapper for this system call.
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The
+.BR move_mount ()
+call moves a mount from one place to another; it can also be used to attach an
+unattached mount created by
+.BR fsmount "() or " open_tree "() with " OPEN_TREE_CLONE .
+.PP
+If
+.BR move_mount ()
+is called repeatedly with a file descriptor that refers to a mount object,
+then the object will be attached/moved the first time and then moved again and
+again and again, detaching it from the previous mountpoint each time.
+.PP
+To access the source mount object or the destination mountpoint, no
+permissions are required on the object itself, but if either pathname is
+supplied, execute (search) permission is required on all of the directories
+specified in
+.IR from_pathname " or " to_pathname .
+.PP
+The caller does, however, require the appropriate capabilities or permission
+to effect a mount.
+.PP
+.BR move_mount ()
+uses
+.IR from_pathname ", " from_dirfd " and part of " flags
+to locate the mount object to be moved and
+.IR to_pathname ", " to_dirfd " and another part of " flags
+to locate the destination mountpoint.  Each lookup can be done in one of a
+variety of ways:
+.TP
+[*] By absolute path.
+The pathname points to an absolute path and the dirfd is ignored.  The file is
+looked up by name, starting from the root of the filesystem as seen by the
+calling process.
+.TP
+[*] By cwd-relative path.
+The pathname points to a relative path and the dirfd is
+.IR AT_FDCWD .
+The file is looked up by name, starting from the current working directory.
+.TP
+[*] By dir-relative path.
+The pathname points to relative path and the dirfd indicates a file descriptor
+pointing to a directory.  The file is looked up by name, starting from the
+directory specified by
+.IR dirfd .
+.TP
+[*] By file descriptor.
+The pathname points to "", the dirfd points directly to the mount object to
+move or the destination mount point and the appropriate
+.B *_EMPTY_PATH
+flag is set.
+.PP
+.I flags
+can be used to influence a path-based lookup.  A value for
+.I flags
+is constructed by OR'ing together zero or more of the following constants:
+.TP
+.BR MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH
+.\" commit 65cfc6722361570bfe255698d9cd4dccaf47570d
+If
+.I from_pathname
+is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by
+.IR from_dirfd
+(which may have been obtained using the
+.BR open (2)
+.B O_PATH
+flag or
+.BR open_tree ())
+If
+.I from_dirfd
+is
+.BR AT_FDCWD ,
+the call operates on the current working directory.
+In this case,
+.I from_dirfd
+can refer to any type of file, not just a directory.
+This flag is Linux-specific; define
+.B _GNU_SOURCE
+.\" Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
+to obtain its definition.
+.TP
+.B MOVE_MOUNT_T_EMPTY_PATH
+As above, but operating on
+.IR to_pathname " and " to_dirfd .
+.TP
+.B MOVE_MOUNT_F_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+Don't automount the terminal ("basename") component of
+.I from_pathname
+if it is a directory that is an automount point.  This allows a mount object
+that has an automount point at its root to be moved and prevents unintended
+triggering of an automount point.
+The
+.B MOVE_MOUNT_F_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+flag has no effect if the automount point has already been mounted over.  This
+flag is Linux-specific; define
+.B _GNU_SOURCE
+.\" Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
+to obtain its definition.
+.TP
+.B MOVE_MOUNT_T_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+As above, but operating on
+.IR to_pathname " and " to_dirfd .
+This allows an automount point to be manually mounted over.
+.TP
+.B MOVE_MOUNT_F_SYMLINKS
+If
+.I from_pathname
+is a symbolic link, then dereference it.  The default for
+.BR move_mount ()
+is to not follow symlinks.
+.TP
+.B MOVE_MOUNT_T_SYMLINKS
+As above, but operating on
+.IR to_pathname " and " to_dirfd .
+
+.SH EXAMPLES
+The
+.BR move_mount ()
+function can be used like the following:
+.PP
+.RS
+.nf
+move_mount(AT_FDCWD, "/a", AT_FDCWD, "/b", 0);
+.fi
+.RE
+.PP
+This would move the object mounted on "/a" to "/b".  It can also be used in
+conjunction with
+.BR open_tree "(2) or " open "(2) with " O_PATH :
+.PP
+.RS
+.nf
+fd = open_tree(AT_FDCWD, "/mnt", 0);
+move_mount(fd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt2", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+move_mount(fd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt3", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+move_mount(fd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt4", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.fi
+.RE
+.PP
+This would attach the path point for "/mnt" to fd, then it would move the
+mount to "/mnt2", then move it to "/mnt3" and finally to "/mnt4".
+.PP
+It can also be used to attach new mounts:
+.PP
+.RS
+.nf
+sfd = fsopen("ext4", FSOPEN_CLOEXEC);
+fsconfig(sfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "source", "/dev/sda1", 0);
+fsconfig(sfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "user_xattr", NULL, 0);
+fsconfig(sfd, FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE, NULL, NULL, 0);
+mfd = fsmount(sfd, FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC, MOUNT_ATTR_NODEV);
+move_mount(mfd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/home", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.fi
+.RE
+.PP
+Which would open the Ext4 filesystem mounted on "/dev/sda1", turn on user
+extended attribute support and create a mount object for it.  Finally, the new
+mount object would be attached with
+.BR move_mount ()
+to "/home".
+
+
+.\"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+.\"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+.\"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+.SH RETURN VALUE
+On success, 0 is returned.  On error, \-1 is returned, and
+.I errno
+is set appropriately.
+.SH ERRORS
+.TP
+.B EACCES
+Search permission is denied for one of the directories
+in the path prefix of
+.IR pathname .
+(See also
+.BR path_resolution (7).)
+.TP
+.B EBADF
+.IR from_dirfd " or " to_dirfd
+is not a valid open file descriptor.
+.TP
+.B EFAULT
+.IR from_pathname " or " to_pathname
+is NULL or either one point to a location outside the process's accessible
+address space.
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+Reserved flag specified in
+.IR flags .
+.TP
+.B ELOOP
+Too many symbolic links encountered while traversing the pathname.
+.TP
+.B ENAMETOOLONG
+.IR from_pathname " or " to_pathname
+is too long.
+.TP
+.B ENOENT
+A component of
+.IR from_pathname " or " to_pathname
+does not exist, or one is an empty string and the appropriate
+.B *_EMPTY_PATH
+was not specified in
+.IR flags .
+.TP
+.B ENOMEM
+Out of memory (i.e., kernel memory).
+.TP
+.B ENOTDIR
+A component of the path prefix of
+.IR from_pathname " or " to_pathname
+is not a directory or one or the other is relative and the appropriate
+.I *_dirfd
+is a file descriptor referring to a file other than a directory.
+.SH VERSIONS
+.BR move_mount ()
+was added to Linux in kernel 4.18.
+.SH CONFORMING TO
+.BR move_mount ()
+is Linux-specific.
+.SH NOTES
+Glibc does not (yet) provide a wrapper for the
+.BR move_mount ()
+system call; call it using
+.BR syscall (2).
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR fsmount (2),
+.BR fsopen (2),
+.BR open_tree (2)
diff --git a/man2/open_tree.2 b/man2/open_tree.2
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbebbfda8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man2/open_tree.2
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+'\" t
+.\" Copyright (c) 2019 David Howells <dhowells@xxxxxxxxxx>
+.\"
+.\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
+.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
+.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
+.\" preserved on all copies.
+.\"
+.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
+.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
+.\" permission notice identical to this one.
+.\"
+.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
+.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date.  The author(s) assume no
+.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
+.\" the use of the information contained herein.  The author(s) may not
+.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
+.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
+.\" professionally.
+.\"
+.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
+.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
+.\" %%%LICENSE_END
+.\"
+.TH OPEN_TREE 2 2019-10-10 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
+.SH NAME
+open_tree \- Pick or clone mount object and attach to fd
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.B #include <sys/types.h>
+.br
+.B #include <sys/mount.h>
+.br
+.B #include <unistd.h>
+.br
+.BR "#include <fcntl.h>           " "/* Definition of AT_* constants */"
+.PP
+.BI "int open_tree(int " dirfd ", const char *" pathname ", unsigned int " flags );
+.fi
+.PP
+.IR Note :
+There are no glibc wrappers for these system calls.
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.BR open_tree ()
+picks the mount object specified by the pathname and attaches it to a new file
+descriptor or clones it and attaches the clone to the file descriptor.  The
+resultant file descriptor is indistinguishable from one produced by
+.BR open "(2) with " O_PATH .
+.PP
+In the case that the mount object is cloned, the clone will be "unmounted" and
+destroyed when the file descriptor is closed if it is not otherwise mounted
+somewhere by calling
+.BR move_mount (2).
+.PP
+To select a mount object, no permissions are required on the object referred
+to by the path, but execute (search) permission is required on all of the
+directories in
+.I pathname
+that lead to the object.
+.PP
+To clone an object, however, the caller must have mount capabilities and
+permissions.
+.PP
+.BR open_tree ()
+uses
+.IR pathname ", " dirfd " and " flags
+to locate the target object in one of a variety of ways:
+.TP
+[*] By absolute path.
+.I pathname
+points to an absolute path and
+.I dirfd
+is ignored.  The object is looked up by name, starting from the root of the
+filesystem as seen by the calling process.
+.TP
+[*] By cwd-relative path.
+.I pathname
+points to a relative path and
+.IR dirfd " is " AT_FDCWD .
+The object is looked up by name, starting from the current working directory.
+.TP
+[*] By dir-relative path.
+.I pathname
+points to relative path and
+.I dirfd
+indicates a file descriptor pointing to a directory.  The object is looked up
+by name, starting from the directory specified by
+.IR dirfd .
+.TP
+[*] By file descriptor.
+.I pathname
+is "",
+.I dirfd
+indicates a file descriptor and
+.B AT_EMPTY_PATH
+is set in
+.IR flags .
+The mount attached to the file descriptor is queried directly.  The file
+descriptor may point to any type of file, not just a directory.
+
+.\"______________________________________________________________
+.PP
+.I flags
+can be used to control the operation of the function and to influence a
+path-based lookup.  A value for
+.I flags
+is constructed by OR'ing together zero or more of the following constants:
+.TP
+.BR AT_EMPTY_PATH
+.\" commit 65cfc6722361570bfe255698d9cd4dccaf47570d
+If
+.I pathname
+is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by
+.IR dirfd
+(which may have been obtained from
+.BR open "(2) with"
+.BR O_PATH ", from " fsmount (2)
+or from another
+.BR open_tree ()).
+If
+.I dirfd
+is
+.BR AT_FDCWD ,
+the call operates on the current working directory.
+In this case,
+.I dirfd
+can refer to any type of file, not just a directory.
+This flag is Linux-specific; define
+.B _GNU_SOURCE
+.\" Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
+to obtain its definition.
+.TP
+.BR AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+Don't automount the terminal ("basename") component of
+.I pathname
+if it is a directory that is an automount point.  This flag allows the
+automount point itself to be picked up or a mount cloned that is rooted on the
+automount point.  The
+.B AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+flag has no effect if the mount point has already been mounted over.
+This flag is Linux-specific; define
+.B _GNU_SOURCE
+.\" Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
+to obtain its definition.
+.TP
+.B AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
+If
+.I pathname
+is a symbolic link, do not dereference it: instead pick up or clone a mount
+rooted on the link itself.
+.TP
+.B OPEN_TREE_CLOEXEC
+Set the close-on-exec flag for the new file descriptor.  This will cause the
+file descriptor to be closed automatically when a process exec's.
+.TP
+.B OPEN_TREE_CLONE
+Rather than directly attaching the selected object to the file descriptor,
+clone the object, set the root of the new mount object to that point and
+attach the clone to the file descriptor.
+.TP
+.B AT_RECURSIVE
+This is only permitted in conjunction with OPEN_TREE_CLONE.  It causes the
+entire mount subtree rooted at the selected spot to be cloned rather than just
+that one mount object.
+
+
+.SH EXAMPLE
+The
+.BR open_tree ()
+function can be used like the following:
+.PP
+.RS
+.nf
+fd1 = open_tree(AT_FDCWD, "/mnt", 0);
+fd2 = open_tree(fd1, "",
+                AT_EMPTY_PATH | OPEN_TREE_CLONE | AT_RECURSIVE);
+move_mount(fd2, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt2", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.fi
+.RE
+.PP
+This would attach the path point for "/mnt" to fd1, then it would copy the
+entire subtree at the point referred to by fd1 and attach that to fd2; lastly,
+it would attach the clone to "/mnt2".
+
+
+.\"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+.\"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+.\"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+.SH RETURN VALUE
+On success, the new file descriptor is returned.  On error, \-1 is returned,
+and
+.I errno
+is set appropriately.
+.SH ERRORS
+.TP
+.B EACCES
+Search permission is denied for one of the directories
+in the path prefix of
+.IR pathname .
+(See also
+.BR path_resolution (7).)
+.TP
+.B EBADF
+.I dirfd
+is not a valid open file descriptor.
+.TP
+.B EFAULT
+.I pathname
+is NULL or
+.IR pathname
+point to a location outside the process's accessible address space.
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+Reserved flag specified in
+.IR flags .
+.TP
+.B ELOOP
+Too many symbolic links encountered while traversing the pathname.
+.TP
+.B ENAMETOOLONG
+.I pathname
+is too long.
+.TP
+.B ENOENT
+A component of
+.I pathname
+does not exist, or
+.I pathname
+is an empty string and
+.B AT_EMPTY_PATH
+was not specified in
+.IR flags .
+.TP
+.B ENOMEM
+Out of memory (i.e., kernel memory).
+.TP
+.B ENOTDIR
+A component of the path prefix of
+.I pathname
+is not a directory or
+.I pathname
+is relative and
+.I dirfd
+is a file descriptor referring to a file other than a directory.
+.SH VERSIONS
+.BR open_tree ()
+was added to Linux in kernel 4.18.
+.SH CONFORMING TO
+.BR open_tree ()
+is Linux-specific.
+.SH NOTES
+Glibc does not (yet) provide a wrapper for the
+.BR open_tree ()
+system call; call it using
+.BR syscall (2).
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR fsmount (2),
+.BR move_mount (2),
+.BR open (2)