Re: [PATCH v2] mm/vmalloc: randomize vmalloc() allocations
From: Topi Miettinen
Date: Sat Feb 13 2021 - 08:50:37 EST
On 13.2.2021 13.55, Uladzislau Rezki wrote:
Hello,
Is there a chance of getting this reviewed and maybe even merged, please?
-Topi
I can review it and help with it. But before that i would like to
clarify if such "randomization" is something that you can not leave?
This happens to interest me and I don't mind the performance loss since
I think there's also an improvement in security. I suppose (perhaps
wrongly) that others may also be interested in such features. For
example, also `nosmt` can take away a big part of CPU processing
capability. Does this answer your question, I'm not sure what you mean
with leaving? I hope you would not want me to go away and leave?
For example on 32bit system vmalloc space is limited, such randomization
can slow down it, also it will lead to failing of allocations much more,
thus it will require repeating with different offset.
I would not use `randomize_vmalloc=1` on a 32 bit systems, because in
addition to slow down, the address space could become so fragmented that
large allocations may not fit anymore. Perhaps the documentation should
warn about this more clearly. I haven't tried this on a 32 bit system
though and there the VM layout is very different.
__alloc_vm_area() scans the vmalloc space starting from a random address
up to end of the area. If this fails, the scan is restarted from the
bottom of the area up to this random address. Thus the entire area is
scanned.
Second. There is a space or region for modules. Using various offsets
can waste of that memory, thus can lead to failing of module loading.
The allocations for modules (or BPF code) are also randomized within
their dedicated space. I don't think other allocations should affect
module space. Within this module space, fragmentation may also be
possible because there's only 1,5GB available. The largest allocation on
my system seems to be 11M at the moment, others are 1M or below and most
are 8k. The possibility of an allocation failing probably depends on the
fill ratio. In practice haven't seen problems with this.
It would be possible to have finer control, for example
`randomize_vmalloc=3` (1 = general vmalloc, 2 = modules, bitwise ORed)
or `randomize_vmalloc=general,modules`.
I experimented by trying to change how the modules are compiled
(-mcmodel=medium or -mcmodel=large) so that they could be located in the
normal vmalloc space, but instead I found a bug in the compiler
(-mfentry produces incorrect code for -mcmodel=large, now fixed).
On the other side there is a per-cpu allocator. Interfering with it
also will increase a rate of failing.
I didn't notice the per-cpu allocator before. I'm probably missing
something, but it seems to be used for a different purpose (for
allocating the vmap_area structure objects instead of the address space
range), so where do you see interference?
Thanks for the review!
-Topi
--
Vlad Rezki
Memory mappings inside kernel allocated with vmalloc() are in
predictable order and packed tightly toward the low addresses. With
new kernel boot parameter 'randomize_vmalloc=1', the entire area is
used randomly to make the allocations less predictable and harder to
guess for attackers. Also module and BPF code locations get randomized
(within their dedicated and rather small area though) and if
CONFIG_VMAP_STACK is enabled, also kernel thread stack locations.
On 32 bit systems this may cause problems due to increased VM
fragmentation if the address space gets crowded.
On all systems, it will reduce performance and increase memory and
cache usage due to less efficient use of page tables and inability to
merge adjacent VMAs with compatible attributes. On x86_64 with 5 level
page tables, in the worst case, additional page table entries of up to
4 pages are created for each mapping, so with small mappings there's
considerable penalty.
Without randomize_vmalloc=1:
$ cat /proc/vmallocinfo
0xffffc90000000000-0xffffc90000002000 8192 acpi_os_map_iomem+0x29e/0x2c0 phys=0x000000003ffe1000 ioremap
0xffffc90000002000-0xffffc90000005000 12288 acpi_os_map_iomem+0x29e/0x2c0 phys=0x000000003ffe0000 ioremap
0xffffc90000005000-0xffffc90000007000 8192 hpet_enable+0x36/0x4a9 phys=0x00000000fed00000 ioremap
0xffffc90000007000-0xffffc90000009000 8192 gen_pool_add_owner+0x49/0x130 pages=1 vmalloc
0xffffc90000009000-0xffffc9000000b000 8192 gen_pool_add_owner+0x49/0x130 pages=1 vmalloc
0xffffc9000000b000-0xffffc9000000d000 8192 gen_pool_add_owner+0x49/0x130 pages=1 vmalloc
0xffffc9000000d000-0xffffc9000000f000 8192 gen_pool_add_owner+0x49/0x130 pages=1 vmalloc
0xffffc90000011000-0xffffc90000015000 16384 n_tty_open+0x16/0xe0 pages=3 vmalloc
0xffffc900003de000-0xffffc900003e0000 8192 acpi_os_map_iomem+0x29e/0x2c0 phys=0x00000000fed00000 ioremap
0xffffc900003e0000-0xffffc900003e2000 8192 memremap+0x1a1/0x280 phys=0x00000000000f5000 ioremap
0xffffc900003e2000-0xffffc900003f3000 69632 pcpu_create_chunk+0x80/0x2c0 pages=16 vmalloc
0xffffc900003f3000-0xffffc90000405000 73728 pcpu_create_chunk+0xb7/0x2c0 pages=17 vmalloc
0xffffc90000405000-0xffffc9000040a000 20480 pcpu_create_chunk+0xed/0x2c0 pages=4 vmalloc
0xffffe8ffffc00000-0xffffe8ffffe00000 2097152 pcpu_get_vm_areas+0x0/0x1a40 vmalloc
With randomize_vmalloc=1, the allocations are randomized:
$ cat /proc/vmallocinfo
0xffffca3a36442000-0xffffca3a36447000 20480 pcpu_create_chunk+0xed/0x2c0 pages=4 vmalloc
0xffffca63034d6000-0xffffca63034d9000 12288 acpi_os_map_iomem+0x29e/0x2c0 phys=0x000000003ffe0000 ioremap
0xffffcce23d32e000-0xffffcce23d330000 8192 memremap+0x1a1/0x280 phys=0x00000000000f5000 ioremap
0xffffcfb9f0e22000-0xffffcfb9f0e24000 8192 hpet_enable+0x36/0x4a9 phys=0x00000000fed00000 ioremap
0xffffd1df23e9e000-0xffffd1df23eb0000 73728 pcpu_create_chunk+0xb7/0x2c0 pages=17 vmalloc
0xffffd690c2990000-0xffffd690c2992000 8192 acpi_os_map_iomem+0x29e/0x2c0 phys=0x000000003ffe1000 ioremap
0xffffd8460c718000-0xffffd8460c71c000 16384 n_tty_open+0x16/0xe0 pages=3 vmalloc
0xffffd89aba709000-0xffffd89aba70b000 8192 gen_pool_add_owner+0x49/0x130 pages=1 vmalloc
0xffffe0ca3f2ed000-0xffffe0ca3f2ef000 8192 acpi_os_map_iomem+0x29e/0x2c0 phys=0x00000000fed00000 ioremap
0xffffe3ba44802000-0xffffe3ba44804000 8192 gen_pool_add_owner+0x49/0x130 pages=1 vmalloc
0xffffe4524b2a2000-0xffffe4524b2a4000 8192 gen_pool_add_owner+0x49/0x130 pages=1 vmalloc
0xffffe61372b2e000-0xffffe61372b30000 8192 gen_pool_add_owner+0x49/0x130 pages=1 vmalloc
0xffffe704d2f7c000-0xffffe704d2f8d000 69632 pcpu_create_chunk+0x80/0x2c0 pages=16 vmalloc
0xffffe8ffffc00000-0xffffe8ffffe00000 2097152 pcpu_get_vm_areas+0x0/0x1a40 vmalloc
With CONFIG_VMAP_STACK, also kernel thread stacks are placed in
vmalloc area and therefore they also get randomized (only one example
line from /proc/vmallocinfo shown for brevity):
unrandomized:
0xffffc90000018000-0xffffc90000021000 36864 kernel_clone+0xf9/0x560 pages=8 vmalloc
randomized:
0xffffcb57611a8000-0xffffcb57611b1000 36864 kernel_clone+0xf9/0x560 pages=8 vmalloc
CC: Andrew Morton <akpm@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
CC: Andy Lutomirski <luto@xxxxxxxxxx>
CC: Jann Horn <jannh@xxxxxxxxxx>
CC: Kees Cook <keescook@xxxxxxxxxxxx>
CC: Linux API <linux-api@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
CC: Matthew Wilcox <willy@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
CC: Mike Rapoport <rppt@xxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Topi Miettinen <toiwoton@xxxxxxxxx>
---
v2: retry allocation from other end of vmalloc space in case of
failure (Matthew Wilcox), improve commit message and documentation
---
.../admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt | 23 +++++++++++++++
mm/vmalloc.c | 29 +++++++++++++++++--
2 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
index 44fde25bb221..9386b1b40a27 100644
--- a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
@@ -4017,6 +4017,29 @@
ramdisk_start= [RAM] RAM disk image start address
+ randomize_vmalloc= [KNL] Randomize vmalloc() allocations. With 1,
+ the entire vmalloc() area is used randomly to
+ make the allocations less predictable and
+ harder to guess for attackers. Also module and
+ BPF code locations get randomized (within
+ their dedicated and rather small area though)
+ and if CONFIG_VMAP_STACK is enabled, also
+ kernel thread stack locations.
+
+ On 32 bit systems this may cause problems due
+ to increased VM fragmentation if the address
+ space gets crowded.
+
+ On all systems, it will reduce performance and
+ increase memory and cache usage due to less
+ efficient use of page tables and inability to
+ merge adjacent VMAs with compatible
+ attributes. On x86_64 with 5 level page
+ tables, in the worst case, additional page
+ table entries of up to 4 pages are created for
+ each mapping, so with small mappings there's
+ considerable penalty.
+
random.trust_cpu={on,off}
[KNL] Enable or disable trusting the use of the
CPU's random number generator (if available) to
diff --git a/mm/vmalloc.c b/mm/vmalloc.c
index 6ae491a8b210..d78528af6316 100644
--- a/mm/vmalloc.c
+++ b/mm/vmalloc.c
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
#include <linux/bitops.h>
#include <linux/rbtree_augmented.h>
#include <linux/overflow.h>
+#include <linux/random.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
@@ -1079,6 +1080,17 @@ adjust_va_to_fit_type(struct vmap_area *va,
return 0;
}
+static int randomize_vmalloc = 0;
+
+static int __init set_randomize_vmalloc(char *str)
+{
+ if (!str)
+ return 0;
+ randomize_vmalloc = simple_strtoul(str, &str, 0);
+ return 1;
+}
+__setup("randomize_vmalloc=", set_randomize_vmalloc);
+
/*
* Returns a start address of the newly allocated area, if success.
* Otherwise a vend is returned that indicates failure.
@@ -1152,7 +1164,7 @@ static struct vmap_area *alloc_vmap_area(unsigned long size,
int node, gfp_t gfp_mask)
{
struct vmap_area *va, *pva;
- unsigned long addr;
+ unsigned long addr, voffset;
int purged = 0;
int ret;
@@ -1207,11 +1219,24 @@ static struct vmap_area *alloc_vmap_area(unsigned long size,
if (pva && __this_cpu_cmpxchg(ne_fit_preload_node, NULL, pva))
kmem_cache_free(vmap_area_cachep, pva);
+ /* Randomize allocation */
+ if (randomize_vmalloc) {
+ voffset = get_random_long() & (roundup_pow_of_two(vend - vstart) - 1);
+ voffset = PAGE_ALIGN(voffset);
+ if (voffset + size > vend - vstart)
+ voffset = vend - vstart - size;
+ } else
+ voffset = 0;
+
/*
* If an allocation fails, the "vend" address is
* returned. Therefore trigger the overflow path.
*/
- addr = __alloc_vmap_area(size, align, vstart, vend);
+ addr = __alloc_vmap_area(size, align, vstart + voffset, vend);
+
+ if (unlikely(addr == vend) && voffset)
+ /* Retry randomization from other end */
+ addr = __alloc_vmap_area(size, align, vstart, vstart + voffset + size);
spin_unlock(&free_vmap_area_lock);
if (unlikely(addr == vend))
base-commit: 7f376f1917d7461e05b648983e8d2aea9d0712b2