[RFC PATCH] arm64: kprobes: Enable OPTPROBE for arm64

From: Qi Liu
Date: Fri Jun 04 2021 - 06:51:01 EST

This patch introduce optprobe for ARM64. In optprobe, probed
instruction is replaced by a branch instruction to detour
buffer. Detour buffer contains trampoline code and a call to
optimized_callback(). optimized_callback() calls opt_pre_handler()
to execute kprobe handler.

Limitations:
- We only support !CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_MODULE_REGION_FULL case to
guarantee the offset between probe point and kprobe pre_handler
is not larger than 128MiB.

Performance of optprobe on Hip08 platform is test using kprobe
example module[1] to analyze the latency of a kernel function,
and here is the result:

[1] https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/samples/kprobes/kretprobe_example.c

kprobe before optimized:
[280709.846380] do_empty returned 0 and took 1530 ns to execute
[280709.852057] do_empty returned 0 and took 550 ns to execute
[280709.857631] do_empty returned 0 and took 440 ns to execute
[280709.863215] do_empty returned 0 and took 380 ns to execute
[280709.868787] do_empty returned 0 and took 360 ns to execute
[280709.874362] do_empty returned 0 and took 340 ns to execute
[280709.879936] do_empty returned 0 and took 320 ns to execute
[280709.885505] do_empty returned 0 and took 300 ns to execute
[280709.891075] do_empty returned 0 and took 280 ns to execute
[280709.896646] do_empty returned 0 and took 290 ns to execute
[280709.902220] do_empty returned 0 and took 290 ns to execute
[280709.907807] do_empty returned 0 and took 290 ns to execute

optprobe:
[ 2965.964572] do_empty returned 0 and took 90 ns to execute
[ 2965.969952] do_empty returned 0 and took 80 ns to execute
[ 2965.975332] do_empty returned 0 and took 70 ns to execute
[ 2965.980714] do_empty returned 0 and took 60 ns to execute
[ 2965.986128] do_empty returned 0 and took 80 ns to execute
[ 2965.991507] do_empty returned 0 and took 70 ns to execute
[ 2965.996884] do_empty returned 0 and took 70 ns to execute
[ 2966.002262] do_empty returned 0 and took 80 ns to execute
[ 2966.007642] do_empty returned 0 and took 70 ns to execute
[ 2966.013020] do_empty returned 0 and took 70 ns to execute
[ 2966.018400] do_empty returned 0 and took 70 ns to execute
[ 2966.023779] do_empty returned 0 and took 70 ns to execute
[ 2966.029158] do_empty returned 0 and took 70 ns to execute

Signed-off-by: Qi Liu <liuqi115@xxxxxxxxxx>
---
TODO:
- Veneer will be used latter to extend the range of branch and
support long jump.

arch/arm64/Kconfig | 1 +
arch/arm64/include/asm/kprobes.h | 23 +++
arch/arm64/kernel/probes/Makefile | 2 +
arch/arm64/kernel/probes/kprobes.c | 19 ++-
arch/arm64/kernel/probes/opt-arm64.c | 218 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
arch/arm64/kernel/probes/optprobe_trampoline.S | 81 +++++++++
6 files changed, 341 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 arch/arm64/kernel/probes/opt-arm64.c
create mode 100644 arch/arm64/kernel/probes/optprobe_trampoline.S

diff --git a/arch/arm64/Kconfig b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
index 2e242dbb..ab1a795 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@ config ARM64
select HAVE_STACKPROTECTOR
select HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS
select HAVE_KPROBES
+ select HAVE_OPTPROBES if !RANDOMIZE_MODULE_REGION_FULL
select HAVE_KRETPROBES
select HAVE_GENERIC_VDSO
select IOMMU_DMA if IOMMU_SUPPORT
diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kprobes.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kprobes.h
index 5d38ff4..9e1c492 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kprobes.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kprobes.h
@@ -39,6 +39,29 @@ void arch_remove_kprobe(struct kprobe *);
int kprobe_fault_handler(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned int fsr);
int kprobe_exceptions_notify(struct notifier_block *self,
unsigned long val, void *data);
+
+#define RELATIVEJUMP_SIZE (4)
+#define MAX_COPIED_INSN DIV_ROUND_UP(RELATIVEJUMP_SIZE, sizeof(kprobe_opcode_t))
+struct arch_optimized_insn {
+ kprobe_opcode_t copied_insn[MAX_COPIED_INSN];
+ /* detour code buffer */
+ kprobe_opcode_t *insn;
+};
+
+/* optinsn template addresses */
+extern __visible kprobe_opcode_t optprobe_template_entry[];
+extern __visible kprobe_opcode_t optprobe_template_val[];
+extern __visible kprobe_opcode_t optprobe_template_call[];
+extern __visible kprobe_opcode_t optprobe_template_end[];
+extern __visible kprobe_opcode_t optprobe_template_restore_begin[];
+extern __visible kprobe_opcode_t optprobe_template_restore_orig_insn[];
+extern __visible kprobe_opcode_t optprobe_template_restore_end[];
+
+#define MAX_OPTIMIZED_LENGTH 4
+#define MAX_OPTINSN_SIZE \
+ ((unsigned long)optprobe_template_end - \
+ (unsigned long)optprobe_template_entry)
+
void kretprobe_trampoline(void);
void __kprobes *trampoline_probe_handler(struct pt_regs *regs);

diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/Makefile b/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/Makefile
index 8e4be92..52cf5d4 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/Makefile
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/Makefile
@@ -4,3 +4,5 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_KPROBES) += kprobes.o decode-insn.o \
simulate-insn.o
obj-$(CONFIG_UPROBES) += uprobes.o decode-insn.o \
simulate-insn.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_OPTPROBES) += opt-arm64.o \
+ optprobe_trampoline.o
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/kprobes.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/kprobes.c
index 66aac28..baaceed 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/kprobes.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/kprobes.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/kprobes.h>
#include <linux/extable.h>
+#include <linux/moduleloader.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/stop_machine.h>
#include <linux/sched/debug.h>
@@ -111,9 +112,21 @@ int __kprobes arch_prepare_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)

void *alloc_insn_page(void)
{
- return __vmalloc_node_range(PAGE_SIZE, 1, VMALLOC_START, VMALLOC_END,
- GFP_KERNEL, PAGE_KERNEL_ROX, VM_FLUSH_RESET_PERMS,
- NUMA_NO_NODE, __builtin_return_address(0));
+ void *page;
+
+ page = module_alloc(PAGE_SIZE);
+ if (!page)
+ return NULL;
+
+ set_vm_flush_reset_perms(page);
+ /*
+ * First make the page read-only, and only then make it executable to
+ * prevent it from being W+X in between.
+ */
+ set_memory_ro((unsigned long)page, 1);
+ set_memory_x((unsigned long)page, 1);
+
+ return page;
}

/* arm kprobe: install breakpoint in text */
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/opt-arm64.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/opt-arm64.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09ffa75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/opt-arm64.c
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
+/*
+ * Code for Kernel probes Jump optimization.
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 Hisilicon Limited
+ */
+
+#include <linux/jump_label.h>
+#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+
+#include <asm/cacheflush.h>
+#include <asm/kprobes.h>
+/* for aarch64_insn_gen_branch_imm */
+#include <asm/insn.h>
+
+#define TMPL_VAL_IDX \
+ (optprobe_template_val - optprobe_template_entry)
+#define TMPL_CALL_BACK \
+ (optprobe_template_call - optprobe_template_entry)
+#define TMPL_END_IDX \
+ (optprobe_template_end - optprobe_template_entry)
+#define TMPL_RESTORE_ORIGN_INSN \
+ (optprobe_template_restore_orig_insn - optprobe_template_entry)
+#define TMPL_RESTORE_END \
+ (optprobe_template_restore_end - optprobe_template_entry)
+
+int arch_check_optimized_kprobe(struct optimized_kprobe *op)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+
+int arch_prepared_optinsn(struct arch_optimized_insn *optinsn)
+{
+ return optinsn->insn != NULL;
+}
+
+int arch_within_optimized_kprobe(struct optimized_kprobe *op,
+ unsigned long addr)
+{
+ return ((unsigned long)op->kp.addr <= addr &&
+ (unsigned long)op->kp.addr + RELATIVEJUMP_SIZE > addr);
+}
+
+static void
+optimized_callback(struct optimized_kprobe *op, struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+ /* This is possible if op is under delayed unoptimizing */
+ if (kprobe_disabled(&op->kp))
+ return;
+
+ preempt_disable();
+
+ if (kprobe_running()) {
+ kprobes_inc_nmissed_count(&op->kp);
+ } else {
+ __this_cpu_write(current_kprobe, &op->kp);
+ regs->pc = (unsigned long)op->kp.addr;
+ get_kprobe_ctlblk()->kprobe_status = KPROBE_HIT_ACTIVE;
+ opt_pre_handler(&op->kp, regs);
+ __this_cpu_write(current_kprobe, NULL);
+ }
+
+ preempt_enable_no_resched();
+}
+NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(optimized_callback)
+
+bool is_offset_in_branch_range(long offset)
+{
+ return (offset >= -0x08000000 && offset <= 0x07fffffc && !(offset & 0x3));
+}
+
+int arch_prepare_optimized_kprobe(struct optimized_kprobe *op, struct kprobe *orig)
+{
+ kprobe_opcode_t *code;
+ long rel_chk;
+ u32 insn, size;
+ int ret, i;
+ void *addr;
+
+ code = get_optinsn_slot();
+ if (!code)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+
+ /*
+ * Verify if the address gap is in 128MiB range, because this uses
+ * a relative jump.
+ *
+ * kprobe opt use a 'b' instruction to branch to optinsn.insn.
+ * According to ARM manual, branch instruction is:
+ *
+ * 31 30 25 0
+ * +----+---+---+---+---+---+---------------+
+ * |cond| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | imm26 |
+ * +----+---+---+---+---+---+---------------+
+ *
+ * imm26 is a signed 26 bits integer. The real branch offset is computed
+ * by: imm64 = SignExtend(imm26:'00', 64);
+ *
+ * So the maximum forward branch should be:
+ * (0x01ffffff << 2) = 1720x07fffffc = 0x07fffffc
+ * The maximum backward branch should be:
+ * (0xfe000000 << 2) = 0xFFFFFFFFF8000000 = -0x08000000
+ *
+ * We can simply check (rel & 0xf8000003):
+ * if rel is positive, (rel & 0xf8000003) should be 0
+ * if rel is negitive, (rel & 0xf8000003) should be 0xf8000000
+ * the last '3' is used for alignment checking.
+ */
+ rel_chk = (unsigned long)code -
+ (unsigned long)orig->addr + 8;
+ if (!is_offset_in_branch_range(rel_chk)) {
+ pr_err("%s is out of branch range.\n", orig->symbol_name);
+ free_optinsn_slot(code, 0);
+ return -ERANGE;
+ }
+
+ /* Setup template */
+ size = (TMPL_END_IDX * sizeof(kprobe_opcode_t)) / sizeof(int);
+ for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+ addr = code + i;
+ insn = *(optprobe_template_entry + i);
+ ret = aarch64_insn_patch_text(&addr, &insn, 1);
+ if (ret < 0) {
+ free_optinsn_slot(code, 0);
+ return -ERANGE;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* Set probe information */
+ addr = code + TMPL_VAL_IDX;
+ insn = (unsigned long long)op & 0xffffffff;
+ aarch64_insn_patch_text(&addr, &insn, 1);
+
+ addr = addr + 4;
+ insn = ((unsigned long long)op & GENMASK_ULL(63, 32)) >> 32;
+ aarch64_insn_patch_text(&addr, &insn, 1);
+
+ addr = code + TMPL_CALL_BACK;
+ insn = aarch64_insn_gen_branch_imm((unsigned long)addr,
+ (unsigned long)optimized_callback,
+ AARCH64_INSN_BRANCH_LINK);
+ aarch64_insn_patch_text(&addr, &insn, 1);
+
+ /* The original probed instruction */
+ addr = code + TMPL_RESTORE_ORIGN_INSN;
+ insn = orig->opcode;
+ aarch64_insn_patch_text(&addr, &insn, 1);
+
+ /* Jump back to next instruction */
+ addr = code + TMPL_RESTORE_END;
+ insn = aarch64_insn_gen_branch_imm(
+ (unsigned long)(&code[TMPL_RESTORE_END]),
+ (unsigned long)(op->kp.addr) + 4,
+ AARCH64_INSN_BRANCH_NOLINK);
+ aarch64_insn_patch_text(&addr, &insn, 1);
+
+ flush_icache_range((unsigned long)code,
+ (unsigned long)(&code[TMPL_END_IDX]));
+ /* Set op->optinsn.insn means prepared. */
+ op->optinsn.insn = code;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+void arch_optimize_kprobes(struct list_head *oplist)
+{
+ struct optimized_kprobe *op, *tmp;
+
+ list_for_each_entry_safe(op, tmp, oplist, list) {
+ u32 insn;
+
+ WARN_ON(kprobe_disabled(&op->kp));
+
+ /*
+ * Backup instructions which will be replaced
+ * by jump address
+ */
+ memcpy(op->optinsn.copied_insn, op->kp.addr,
+ RELATIVEJUMP_SIZE);
+ insn = aarch64_insn_gen_branch_imm((unsigned long)op->kp.addr,
+ (unsigned long)op->optinsn.insn,
+ AARCH64_INSN_BRANCH_NOLINK);
+
+ WARN_ON(insn == 0);
+
+ aarch64_insn_patch_text((void *)&(op->kp.addr), &insn, 1);
+
+ list_del_init(&op->list);
+ }
+}
+
+void arch_unoptimize_kprobe(struct optimized_kprobe *op)
+{
+ arch_arm_kprobe(&op->kp);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Recover original instructions and breakpoints from relative jumps.
+ * Caller must call with locking kprobe_mutex.
+ */
+void arch_unoptimize_kprobes(struct list_head *oplist,
+ struct list_head *done_list)
+{
+ struct optimized_kprobe *op, *tmp;
+
+ list_for_each_entry_safe(op, tmp, oplist, list) {
+ arch_unoptimize_kprobe(op);
+ list_move(&op->list, done_list);
+ }
+}
+
+void arch_remove_optimized_kprobe(struct optimized_kprobe *op)
+{
+ if (op->optinsn.insn) {
+ free_optinsn_slot(op->optinsn.insn, 1);
+ op->optinsn.insn = NULL;
+ }
+}
+
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/optprobe_trampoline.S b/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/optprobe_trampoline.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95d1529
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/probes/optprobe_trampoline.S
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
+/*
+ * trampoline entry and return code for optprobes.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/linkage.h>
+#include <asm/asm-offsets.h>
+#include <asm/assembler.h>
+
+ .global optprobe_template_entry
+optprobe_template_entry:
+ sub sp, sp, #PT_REGS_SIZE
+ stp x0, x1, [sp, #S_X0]
+ stp x2, x3, [sp, #S_X2]
+ stp x4, x5, [sp, #S_X4]
+ stp x6, x7, [sp, #S_X6]
+ stp x8, x9, [sp, #S_X8]
+ stp x10, x11, [sp, #S_X10]
+ stp x12, x13, [sp, #S_X12]
+ stp x14, x15, [sp, #S_X14]
+ stp x16, x17, [sp, #S_X16]
+ stp x18, x19, [sp, #S_X18]
+ stp x20, x21, [sp, #S_X20]
+ stp x22, x23, [sp, #S_X22]
+ stp x24, x25, [sp, #S_X24]
+ stp x26, x27, [sp, #S_X26]
+ stp x28, x29, [sp, #S_X28]
+ add x0, sp, #PT_REGS_SIZE
+ stp lr, x0, [sp, #S_LR]
+ /*
+ * Construct a useful saved PSTATE
+ */
+ mrs x0, nzcv
+ mrs x1, daif
+ orr x0, x0, x1
+ mrs x1, CurrentEL
+ orr x0, x0, x1
+ mrs x1, SPSel
+ orr x0, x0, x1
+ stp xzr, x0, [sp, #S_PC]
+ /* Get parameters to optimized_callback() */
+ ldr x0, 1f
+ mov x1, sp
+ /* Branch to optimized_callback() */
+ .global optprobe_template_call
+optprobe_template_call:
+ nop
+ /* Restore registers */
+ ldr x0, [sp, #S_PSTATE]
+ and x0, x0, #(PSR_N_BIT | PSR_Z_BIT | PSR_C_BIT | PSR_V_BIT)
+ msr nzcv, x0
+ ldp x0, x1, [sp, #S_X0]
+ ldp x2, x3, [sp, #S_X2]
+ ldp x4, x5, [sp, #S_X4]
+ ldp x6, x7, [sp, #S_X6]
+ ldp x8, x9, [sp, #S_X8]
+ ldp x10, x11, [sp, #S_X10]
+ ldp x12, x13, [sp, #S_X12]
+ ldp x14, x15, [sp, #S_X14]
+ ldp x16, x17, [sp, #S_X16]
+ ldp x18, x19, [sp, #S_X18]
+ ldp x20, x21, [sp, #S_X20]
+ ldp x22, x23, [sp, #S_X22]
+ ldp x24, x25, [sp, #S_X24]
+ ldp x26, x27, [sp, #S_X26]
+ ldp x28, x29, [sp, #S_X28]
+ ldr lr, [sp, #S_LR]
+ add sp, sp, #PT_REGS_SIZE
+ .global optprobe_template_restore_orig_insn
+optprobe_template_restore_orig_insn:
+ nop
+ .global optprobe_template_restore_end
+optprobe_template_restore_end:
+ nop
+ .global optprobe_template_end
+optprobe_template_end:
+ .global optprobe_template_val
+optprobe_template_val:
+ 1: .long 0
+ .long 0
+
--
2.7.4