[PATCH v2] mm/gup: fix try_grab_compound_head() race with split_huge_page()

[Jann Horn]

try_grab_compound_head() is used to grab a reference to a page from
get_user_pages_fast(), which is only protected against concurrent
freeing of page tables (via local_irq_save()), but not against
concurrent TLB flushes, freeing of data pages, or splitting of compound
pages.

Because no reference is held to the page when try_grab_compound_head()
is called, the page may have been freed and reallocated by the time its
refcount has been elevated; therefore, once we're holding a stable
reference to the page, the caller re-checks whether the PTE still points
to the same page (with the same access rights).

The problem is that try_grab_compound_head() has to grab a reference on
the head page; but between the time we look up what the head page is and
the time we actually grab a reference on the head page, the compound
page may have been split up (either explicitly through split_huge_page()
or by freeing the compound page to the buddy allocator and then
allocating its individual order-0 pages).
If that happens, get_user_pages_fast() may end up returning the right
page but lifting the refcount on a now-unrelated page, leading to
use-after-free of pages.

To fix it:
Re-check whether the pages still belong together after lifting the
refcount on the head page.
Move anything else that checks compound_head(page) below the refcount
increment.

This can't actually happen on bare-metal x86 (because there, disabling
IRQs locks out remote TLB flushes), but it can happen on virtualized x86
(e.g. under KVM) and probably also on arm64. The race window is pretty
narrow, and constantly allocating and shattering hugepages isn't exactly
fast; for now I've only managed to reproduce this in an x86 KVM guest with
an artificially widened timing window (by adding a loop that repeatedly
calls `inl(0x3f8 + 5)` in `try_get_compound_head()` to force VM exits,
so that PV TLB flushes are used instead of IPIs).

As requested on the list, also replace the existing VM_BUG_ON_PAGE()
with a warning and bailout. Since the existing code only performed the
BUG_ON check on DEBUG_VM kernels, ensure that the new code also only
performs the check under that configuration - I don't want to mix two
logically separate changes together too much.
The macro VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_PAGE() doesn't return a value on !DEBUG_VM,
so wrap the whole check in an #ifdef block.
An alternative would be to change the VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_PAGE() definition
for !DEBUG_VM such that it always returns false, but since that would
differ from the behavior of the normal WARN macros, it might be too
confusing for readers.

Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@xxxxxxx>
Cc: stable@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Fixes: 7aef4172c795 ("mm: handle PTE-mapped tail pages in gerneric fast gup implementaiton")
Signed-off-by: Jann Horn <jannh@xxxxxxxxxx>
---
 mm/gup.c | 58 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 43 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mm/gup.c b/mm/gup.c
index 3ded6a5f26b2..90262e448552 100644
--- a/mm/gup.c
+++ b/mm/gup.c
@@ -43,8 +43,25 @@ static void hpage_pincount_sub(struct page *page, int refs)
 
 	atomic_sub(refs, compound_pincount_ptr(page));
 }
 
+/* Equivalent to calling put_page() @refs times. */
+static void put_page_refs(struct page *page, int refs)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_VM
+	if (VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_PAGE(page_ref_count(page) < refs, page))
+		return;
+#endif
+
+	/*
+	 * Calling put_page() for each ref is unnecessarily slow. Only the last
+	 * ref needs a put_page().
+	 */
+	if (refs > 1)
+		page_ref_sub(page, refs - 1);
+	put_page(page);
+}
+
 /*
  * Return the compound head page with ref appropriately incremented,
  * or NULL if that failed.
  */
@@ -55,8 +72,23 @@ static inline struct page *try_get_compound_head(struct page *page, int refs)
 	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(page_ref_count(head) < 0))
 		return NULL;
 	if (unlikely(!page_cache_add_speculative(head, refs)))
 		return NULL;
+
+	/*
+	 * At this point we have a stable reference to the head page; but it
+	 * could be that between the compound_head() lookup and the refcount
+	 * increment, the compound page was split, in which case we'd end up
+	 * holding a reference on a page that has nothing to do with the page
+	 * we were given anymore.
+	 * So now that the head page is stable, recheck that the pages still
+	 * belong together.
+	 */
+	if (unlikely(compound_head(page) != head)) {
+		put_page_refs(head, refs);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
 	return head;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -94,25 +126,28 @@ __maybe_unused struct page *try_grab_compound_head(struct page *page,
 		if (unlikely((flags & FOLL_LONGTERM) &&
 			     !is_pinnable_page(page)))
 			return NULL;
 
+		/*
+		 * CAUTION: Don't use compound_head() on the page before this
+		 * point, the result won't be stable.
+		 */
+		page = try_get_compound_head(page, refs);
+		if (!page)
+			return NULL;
+
 		/*
 		 * When pinning a compound page of order > 1 (which is what
 		 * hpage_pincount_available() checks for), use an exact count to
 		 * track it, via hpage_pincount_add/_sub().
 		 *
 		 * However, be sure to *also* increment the normal page refcount
 		 * field at least once, so that the page really is pinned.
 		 */
-		if (!hpage_pincount_available(page))
-			refs *= GUP_PIN_COUNTING_BIAS;
-
-		page = try_get_compound_head(page, refs);
-		if (!page)
-			return NULL;
-
 		if (hpage_pincount_available(page))
 			hpage_pincount_add(page, refs);
+		else
+			page_ref_add(page, refs * (GUP_PIN_COUNTING_BIAS - 1));
 
 		mod_node_page_state(page_pgdat(page), NR_FOLL_PIN_ACQUIRED,
 				    orig_refs);
 
@@ -134,16 +169,9 @@ static void put_compound_head(struct page *page, int refs, unsigned int flags)
 		else
 			refs *= GUP_PIN_COUNTING_BIAS;
 	}
 
-	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page_ref_count(page) < refs, page);
-	/*
-	 * Calling put_page() for each ref is unnecessarily slow. Only the last
-	 * ref needs a put_page().
-	 */
-	if (refs > 1)
-		page_ref_sub(page, refs - 1);
-	put_page(page);
+	put_page_refs(page, refs);
 }
 
 /**
  * try_grab_page() - elevate a page's refcount by a flag-dependent amount

base-commit: 614124bea77e452aa6df7a8714e8bc820b489922
-- 
2.32.0.272.g935e593368-goog