Re: [PATCH 3/4 v0.4] sched/umcg: add Documentation/userspace-api/umcg.rst

[Peter Oskolkov]

I've attached the rendering of the doc/rst file, in case somebody
prefers it this way.

On Sun, Aug 1, 2021 at 1:06 PM Peter Oskolkov <posk@xxxxxxx> wrote:
>
> Document User Managed Concurrency Groups syscalls, data structures,
> state transitions, etc.
>
> Signed-off-by: Peter Oskolkov <posk@xxxxxxxxxx>
> ---
>  Documentation/userspace-api/umcg.rst | 532 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  1 file changed, 532 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 Documentation/userspace-api/umcg.rst
>
> diff --git a/Documentation/userspace-api/umcg.rst b/Documentation/userspace-api/umcg.rst
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..680bf336bfdc
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/Documentation/userspace-api/umcg.rst
> @@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
> +.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +
> +=====================================
> +UMCG Userspace API
> +=====================================
> +
> +User Managed Concurrency Groups (UMCG) is an M:N threading
> +subsystem/toolkit that lets user space application developers
> +implement in-process user space schedulers.
> +
> +.. contents:: :local:
> +
> +Why? Heterogeneous in-process workloads
> +=======================================
> +Linux kernel's CFS scheduler is designed for the "common" use case,
> +with efficiency/throughput in mind. Work isolation and workloads of
> +different "urgency" are addressed by tools such as cgroups, CPU
> +affinity, priorities, etc., which are difficult or impossible to
> +efficiently use in-process.
> +
> +For example, a single DBMS process may receive tens of thousands
> +requests per second; some of these requests may have strong response
> +latency requirements as they serve live user requests (e.g. login
> +authentication); some of these requests may not care much about
> +latency but must be served within a certain time period (e.g. an
> +hourly aggregate usage report); some of these requests are to be
> +served only on a best-effort basis and can be NACKed under high load
> +(e.g. an exploratory research/hypothesis testing workload).
> +
> +Beyond different work item latency/throughput requirements as outlined
> +above, the DBMS may need to provide certain guarantees to different
> +users; for example, user A may "reserve" 1 CPU for their
> +high-priority/low latency requests, 2 CPUs for mid-level throughput
> +workloads, and be allowed to send as many best-effort requests as
> +possible, which may or may not be served, depending on the DBMS load.
> +Besides, the best-effort work, started when the load was low, may need
> +to be delayed if suddenly a large amount of higher-priority work
> +arrives. With hundreds or thousands of users like this, it is very
> +difficult to guarantee the application's responsiveness using standard
> +Linux tools while maintaining high CPU utilization.
> +
> +Gaming is another use case: some in-process work must be completed
> +before a certain deadline dictated by frame rendering schedule, while
> +other work items can be delayed; some work may need to be
> +cancelled/discarded because the deadline has passed; etc.
> +
> +User Managed Concurrency Groups is an M:N threading toolkit that
> +allows constructing user space schedulers designed to efficiently
> +manage heterogeneous in-process workloads described above while
> +maintaining high CPU utilization (95%+).
> +
> +Requirements
> +============
> +One relatively established way to design high-efficiency, low-latency
> +systems is to split all work into small on-cpu work items, with
> +asynchronous I/O and continuations, all executed on a thread pool with
> +the number of threads not exceeding the number of available CPUs.
> +Although this approach works, it is quite difficult to develop and
> +maintain such a system, as, for example, small continuations are
> +difficult to piece together when debugging. Besides, such asynchronous
> +callback-based systems tend to be somewhat cache-inefficient, as
> +continuations can get scheduled on any CPU regardless of cache
> +locality.
> +
> +M:N threading and cooperative user space scheduling enables controlled
> +CPU usage (minimal OS preemption), synchronous coding style, and
> +better cache locality.
> +
> +Specifically:
> +
> +- a variable/fluctuating number M of "application" threads should be
> +  "scheduled over" a relatively fixed number N of "kernel" threads,
> +  where N is less than or equal to the number of CPUs available;
> +- only those application threads that are attached to kernel threads
> +  are scheduled "on CPU";
> +- application threads should be able to cooperatively yield to each other;
> +- when an application thread blocks in kernel (e.g. in I/O), this
> +  becomes a scheduling event ("block") that the userspace scheduler
> +  should be able to efficiently detect, and reassign a waiting
> +  application thread to the freeded "kernel" thread;
> +- when a blocked application thread wakes (e.g. its I/O operation
> +  completes), this even ("wake") should also be detectable by the
> +  userspace scheduler, which should be able to either quickly dispatch
> +  the newly woken thread to an idle "kernel" thread or, if all "kernel"
> +  threads are busy, put it in the waiting queue;
> +- in addition to the above, it would be extremely useful for a
> +  separate in-process "watchdog" facility to be able to monitor the
> +  state of each of the M+N threads, and to intervene in case of runaway
> +  workloads (interrupt/preempt).
> +
> +
> +UMCG kernel API
> +===============
> +Based on the requrements above, UMCG *kernel* API is build around
> +the following ideas:
> +
> +- *UMCG server*: a task/thread representing "kernel threads", or CPUs
> +  from the requirements above;
> +- *UMCG worker*: a task/thread representing "application threads", to
> +  be scheduled over servers;
> +- UMCG *task state*: (NONE), RUNNING, BLOCKED, IDLE: states a UMCG
> +  task (a server or a worker) can be in;
> +- UMCG task *state flag*: LOCKED, PREEMPTED: additional state flags
> +  that can be ORed with the task state to communicate additional information
> +  to the kernel;
> +- ``struct umcg_task``: a per-task userspace set of data fields, usually
> +  residing in the TLS, that fully reflects the current task's UMCG
> +  state and controls the way the kernel manages the task;
> +- ``sys_umcg_ctl()``: a syscall used to register the current task/thread
> +  as a server or a worker, or to unregister a UMCG task;
> +- ``sys_umcg_wait()``: a syscall used to put the current task to
> +  sleep and/or wake another task, pontentially context-switching
> +  between the two tasks on-CPU synchronously.
> +
> +
> +Servers
> +=======
> +
> +When a task/thread is registered as a server, it is in RUNNING
> +state and behaves like any other normal task/thread. In addition,
> +servers can interact with other UMCG tasks via sys_umcg_wait():
> +
> +- servers can voluntarily suspend their execution (wait), becoming IDLE;
> +- servers can wake other IDLE servers;
> +- servers can context-switch between each other.
> +
> +Note that if a server blocks in the kernel *not* via sys_umcg_wait(),
> +it still retains its RUNNING state.
> +
> +Also note that servers can be used for fast on-CPU context switching
> +across process boundaries; server-worker interactions assume they
> +belong to the same mm.
> +
> +See the next section on how servers interact with workers.
> +
> +Workers
> +=======
> +
> +A worker cannot be RUNNING without having a server associated
> +with it, so when a task is first registered as a worker, it enters
> +the IDLE state.
> +
> +- a worker becomes RUNNING when a server calls sys_umcg_wait to
> +  context-switch into it; the server goes IDLE, and the worker becomes
> +  RUNNING in its place;
> +- when a running worker blocks in the kernel, it becomes BLOCKED,
> +  its associated server becomes RUNNING and the server's
> +  sys_umcg_wait() call from the bullet above returns; this transition
> +  is sometimes called "block detection";
> +- when the syscall on which a BLOCKED worker completes, the worker
> +  becomes IDLE and is added to the list of idle workers; if there
> +  is an idle server waiting, the kernel wakes it; this transition
> +  is sometimes called "wake detection";
> +- running workers can voluntarily suspend their execution (wait),
> +  becoming IDLE; their associated servers are woken;
> +- a RUNNING worker can context-switch with an IDLE worker; the server
> +  of the switched-out worker is transferred to the switched-in worker;
> +- any UMCG task can "wake" an IDLE worker via sys_umcg_wait(); unless
> +  this is a server running the worker as described in the first bullet
> +  in this list, the worker remain IDLE but is added to the idle workers
> +  list; this "wake" operation exists for completeness, to make sure
> +  wait/wake/context-switch operations are available for all UMCG tasks;
> +- the userspace can preempt a RUNNING worker by marking it
> +  ``RUNNING|PREEMPTED`` and sending a signal to it; the userspace should
> +  have installed a NOP signal handler for the signal; the kernel will
> +  then transition the worker into ``IDLE|PREEMPTED`` state and wake
> +  its associated server.
> +
> +UMCG task states
> +================
> +
> +Important: all state transitions described below involve at least
> +two steps: the change of the state field in ``struct umcg_task``,
> +for example ``RUNNING`` to ``IDLE``, and the corresponding change in
> +``struct task_struct`` state, for example a transition between the task
> +running on CPU and being descheduled and removed from the kernel runqueue.
> +The key principle of UMCG API design is that the party initiating
> +the state transition modifies the state variable.
> +
> +For example, a task going ``IDLE`` first changes its state from ``RUNNING``
> +to ``IDLE`` in the userpace and then calls ``sys_umcg_wait()``, which
> +completes the transition.
> +
> +Note on documentation: in ``include/uapi/linux/umcg.h``, task states
> +have the form ``UMCG_TASK_RUNNING``, ``UMCG_TASK_BLOCKED``, etc. In
> +this document these are usually referred to simply ``RUNNING`` and
> +``BLOCKED``, unless it creates ambiguity. Task state flags, e.g.
> +``UMCG_TF_PREEMPTED``, are treated similarly.
> +
> +UMCG task states reflect the view from the userspace, rather than from
> +the kernel. There are three fundamental task states:
> +
> +- ``RUNNING``: indicates that the task is schedulable by the kernel; applies
> +  to both servers and workers;
> +- ``IDLE``: indicates that the task is *not* schedulable by the kernel
> +  (see ``umcg_idle_loop()`` in ``kernel/sched/umcg.c``); applies to
> +  both servers and workers;
> +- ``BLOCKED``: indicates that the worker is blocked in the kernel;
> +  does not apply to servers.
> +
> +In addition to the three states above, two state flags help with
> +state transitions:
> +
> +- ``LOCKED``: the userspace is preparing the worker for a state transition
> +  and "locks" the worker until the worker is ready for the kernel to
> +  act on the state transition; used similarly to preempt_disable or
> +  irq_disable in the kernel; applies only to workers in ``RUNNING`` or
> +  ``IDLE`` state; ``RUNNING|LOCKED`` means "this worker is about to
> +  become ``RUNNING``, while ``IDLE|LOCKED`` means "this worker is about
> +  to become ``IDLE`` or unregister;
> +- ``PREEMPTED``: the userspace indicates it wants the worker to be
> +  preempted; there are no situations when both ``LOCKED`` and ``PREEMPTED``
> +  flags are set at the same time.
> +
> +struct umcg_task
> +================
> +
> +From ``include/uapi/linux/umcg.h``:
> +
> +.. code-block:: C
> +
> +  struct umcg_task {
> +       uint32_t        state;                  /* r/w */
> +       uint32_t        next_tid;               /* r   */
> +       uint64_t        idle_workers_ptr;       /* r/w */
> +       uint64_t        idle_server_tid_ptr;    /* r*  */
> +  };
> +
> +Each UMCG task is identified by ``struct umcg_task``, which is provided
> +to the kernel when the task is registered via ``sys_umcg_ctl()``.
> +
> +- ``uint32_t state``: the current state of the task this struct identifies,
> +  as described in the previous section. Readable/writable by both the kernel
> +  and the userspace.
> +
> +   - bits  0 -  7: task state (RUNNING, IDLE, BLOCKED);
> +   - bits  8 - 15: state flags (LOCKED, PREEMPTED);
> +   - bits 16 - 23: reserved; must be zeroes;
> +   - bits 24 - 31: for userspace use.
> +
> +- ``uint32_t next_tid``: contains the TID of the task to context-switch-into
> +  in ``sys_umcg_wait()``; can be zero; writable by the userspace, readable
> +  by the kernel; if this is a RUNNING worker, this field contains
> +  the TID of the server that should be woken when this worker blocks;
> +  see ``sys_umcg_wait()`` for more details;
> +- ``uint64_t idle_workers_ptr``: this field forms a single-linked list
> +  of idle workers: all RUNNING workers have this field set to point
> +  to the head of the list (a pointer variable in the userspace).
> +
> +  When a worker's blocking operation in the kernel completes, the kernel
> +  changes the worker's state from ``BLOCKED`` to ``IDLE`` and adds the worker
> +  to the top of the list of idle workers using this logic:
> +
> +  .. code-block:: C
> +
> +    /* kernel side */
> +    u64 *head = (u64 *)(worker->idle_workers_ptr); /* get the head pointer */
> +    u64 *first = (u64 *)*head; /* get the first element */
> +
> +    /* make the worker's ptr point to the first element */
> +    worker->idle_workers_ptr = first;
> +
> +    /* make the head pointer point to this worker */
> +    if (cmpxchg(head, &first, &worker->idle_workers_ptr))
> +       /* success */
> +    else
> +       /* retry, with exponential back-off */
> +
> +
> +  In the userspace the list is cleared atomically using this logic:
> +
> +  .. code-block:: C
> +
> +    /* userspace side */
> +    uint64_t *idle_workers = (uint64_t *)*head;
> +
> +    /* move the list from the global head to the local idle_workers */
> +    if (cmpxchg(&head, &idle_workers, NULL))
> +       /* success: process idle_workers */
> +    else
> +       /* retry */
> +
> +  The userspace re-points workers' idle_workers_ptr to the list head
> +  variable before the worker is allowed to become RUNNING again.
> +
> +- ``uint64_t idle_server_tid_ptr``: points to a pointer variable in the
> +  userspace that points to an idle server, i.e. a server in IDLE state waiting
> +  in sys_umcg_wait(); read-only; workers must have this field set; not used
> +  in servers.
> +
> +  When a worker's blocking operation in the kernel completes, the kernel
> +  changes the worker's state from ``BLOCKED`` to ``IDLE``, adds the worker
> +  to the list of idle workers, and checks whether
> +  ``*idle_server_tid_ptr`` is not zero. If not, the kernel tries to cmpxchg()
> +  it with zero; if cmpxchg() succeeds, the kernel will then wake the server.
> +  See `State transitions`_ below for more details.
> +
> +sys_umcg_ctl()
> +==============
> +
> +``int sys_umcg_ctl(uint32_t flags, struct umcg_task *self)`` is used to
> +register or unregister the current task as a worker or server. Flags
> +can be one of the following:
> +
> +- ``UMCG_CTL_REGISTER``: register a server;
> +- ``UMCG_CTL_REGISTER | UMCG_CTL_WORKER``: register a worker;
> +- ``UMCG_CTL_UNREGISTER``: unregister the current server or worker.
> +
> +When registering a task, ``self`` must point to ``struct umcg_task``
> +describing this server or worker; the pointer must remain valid until
> +the task is unregistered.
> +
> +When registering a server, ``self->state`` must be ``RUNNING``; all other
> +fields in ``self`` must be zeroes.
> +
> +When registering a worker, ``self->state`` must be ``IDLE``;
> +``self->idle_server_tid_ptr`` and ``self->idle_workers_ptr`` must be
> +valid pointers as described in `struct umcg_task`_; ``self->next_tid`` must
> +be zero.
> +
> +When unregistering a task, ``self`` must be ``NULL``.
> +
> +sys_umcg_wait()
> +===============
> +
> +``int sys_umcg_wait(uint32_t flags, uint64_t abs_timeout)`` operates
> +on registered UMCG servers and workers: ``struct umcg_task *self`` provided
> +to ``sys_umcg_ctl()`` when registering the current task is consulted
> +in addition to ``flags`` and ``abs_timeout`` parameters.
> +
> +The function can be used to perform one of the three operations:
> +
> +- wait: if ``self->next_tid`` is zero, ``sys_umcg_wait()`` puts the current
> +  server or worker to sleep;
> +- wake: if ``self->next_tid`` is not zero, and ``flags & UMCG_WAIT_WAKE_ONLY``,
> +  the task identified by ``next_tid`` is woken (must be in ``IDLE`` state);
> +- context switch: if ``self->next_tid`` is not zero, and
> +  ``!(flags & UMCG_WAIT_WAKE_ONLY)``, the current task is put to sleep and
> +  the next task is woken, synchronously switching between the tasks on the
> +  current CPU on the fast path.
> +
> +Flags can be zero or a combination of the following values:
> +
> +- ``UMCG_WAIT_WAKE_ONLY``: wake the next task, don't put the current task
> +  to sleep;
> +- ``UMCG_WAIT_WF_CURRENT_CPU``: wake the next task on the curent CPU;
> +  this flag has an effect only if ``UMCG_WAIT_WAKE_ONLY`` is set: context
> +  switching is always attempted to happen on the curent CPU.
> +
> +The section below provides more details on how servers and workers interact
> +via ``sys_umcg_wait()``, during worker block/wake events, and during
> +worker preemption.
> +
> +State transitions
> +=================
> +
> +As mentioned above, the key principle of UMCG state transitions is that
> +**the party initiating the state transition modifies the state of affected
> +tasks**.
> +
> +Below, "``TASK:STATE``" indicates a task T, where T can be either W for
> +worker or S for server, in state S, where S can be one of the three states,
> +potentially ORed with a state flag. Each individual state transition
> +is an atomic operation (cmpxchg) unless indicated otherwise. Also note
> +that **the order of state transitions is important and is part of the
> +contract between the userspace and the kernel. The kernel is free
> +to kill the task (SIGSEGV) if the contract is broken.**
> +
> +Some worker state transitions below include adding ``LOCKED`` flag to
> +worker state. This is done to indicate to the kernel that the worker
> +is transitioning state and should not participate in the block/wake
> +detection routines, which can happen due to interrupts/pagefaults/signals.
> +
> +``IDLE|LOCKED`` means that a running worker is preparing to sleep, so
> +interrupts should not lead to server wakeup; ``RUNNING|LOCKED`` means that
> +an idle worker is going to be "scheduled to run", but may not yet have its
> +server set up properly.
> +
> +Key state transitions:
> +
> +- server to worker context switch ("schedule a worker to run"):
> +  ``S:RUNNING+W:IDLE => S:IDLE+W:RUNNING``:
> +
> +  - in the userspace, in the context of the server S running:
> +
> +    - ``S:RUNNING => S:IDLE`` (mark self as idle)
> +    - ``W:IDLE => W:RUNNING|LOCKED`` (mark the worker as running)
> +    - ``W.next_tid := S.tid; S.next_tid := W.tid``
> +      (link the server with the worker)
> +    - ``W:RUNNING|LOCKED => W:RUNNING`` (unlock the worker)
> +    - ``S: sys_umcg_wait()`` (make the syscall)
> +
> +  - the kernel context switches from the server to the worker; the server
> +    sleeps until it becomes ``RUNNING`` during one of the transitions below;
> +
> +- worker to server context switch (worker "yields"):
> +  ``S:IDLE+W:RUNNING => S:RUNNING+W:IDLE``:
> +
> +  - in the userspace, in the context of the worker W running (note that
> +    a running worker has its ``next_tid`` set to point to its server):
> +
> +    - ``W:RUNNING => W:IDLE|LOCKED`` (mark self as idle)
> +    - ``S:IDLE => S:RUNNING`` (mark the server as running)
> +    - ``W: sys_umcg_wait()`` (make the syscall)
> +
> +  - the kernel removes the ``LOCKED`` flag from the worker's state and
> +    context switches from the worker to the server; the worker
> +    sleeps until it becomes ``RUNNING``;
> +
> +- worker to worker context switch:
> +  ``W1:RUNNING+W2:IDLE => W1:IDLE+W2:RUNNING``:
> +
> +  - in the userspace, in the context of W1 running:
> +
> +    - ``W2:IDLE => W2:RUNNING|LOCKED`` (mark W2 as running)
> +    - ``W1:RUNNING => W1:IDLE|LOCKED`` (mark self as idle)
> +    - ``W2.next_tid := W1.next_tid; S.next_tid := W2.next_tid``
> +      (transfer the server W1 => W2)
> +    - ``W1:next_tid := W2.tid`` (indicate that W1 should
> +      context-switch into W2)
> +    - ``W2:RUNNING|LOCKED => W2:RUNNING`` (unlock W2)
> +    - ``W1: sys_umcg_wait()`` (make the syscall)
> +
> +  - same as above, the kernel removes the ``LOCKED`` flag from the W1's state
> +    and context switches to next_tid;
> +
> +- worker wakeup: ``W:IDLE => W:RUNNING``:
> +
> +  - in the userspace, a server S can wake a worker W without "running" it:
> +
> +    - ``S:next_tid :=W.tid``
> +    - ``W:next_tid := 0``
> +    - ``W:IDLE => W:RUNNING``
> +    - ``sys_umcg_wait(UMCG_WAIT_WAKE_ONLY)`` (make the syscall)
> +
> +  - the kernel will wake the worker W; as the worker does not have a server
> +    assigned, "wake detection" will happen, the worker will be immediately
> +    marked as ``IDLE`` and added to idle workers list; an idle server, if any,
> +    will be woken (see 'wake detection' below);
> +  - Note: if needed, it is possible for a worker to wake another worker:
> +    the waker marks itself "IDLE|LOCKED", points its next_tid to the wakee,
> +    makes the syscall, restores its server in next_tid, marks itself
> +    as ``RUNNING``.
> +
> +- block detection: worker blocks in the kernel: ``S:IDLE+W:RUNNING => S:RUNNING+W:BLOCKED``:
> +
> +  - when a worker blocks in the kernel in ``RUNNING`` state (not ``LOCKED``),
> +    before descheduling the task from the CPU the kernel performs these
> +    operations:
> +
> +    - ``W:RUNNING => W:BLOCKED``
> +    - ``S := W.next_tid``
> +    - ``S:IDLE => S:RUNNING``
> +    - ``try_to_wake_up(S)``
> +
> +  - if any of the first three operations above fail, the worker is killed via
> +    ``SIGSEGV``. Note that ``ttwu(S)`` is not required to succeed, as the
> +    server may still be transitioning to sleep in ``sys_umcg_wait()``; before
> +    actually putting the server to sleep its UMCG state is checked and, if
> +    it is ``RUNNING``, sys_umcg_wait() returns to the userspace;
> +  - if the worker has its ``LOCKED`` flag set, block detection does not trigger,
> +    as the worker is assumed to be in the userspace scheduling code.
> +
> +- wake detection: worker wakes in the kernel: ``W:BLOCKED => W:IDLE``:
> +
> +  - all workers' returns to the userspace are intercepted:
> +
> +    - ``start:`` (a label)
> +    - if ``W:RUNNING & W.next_tid != 0``: let the worker exit to the userspace,
> +      as this is a ``RUNNING`` worker with a server;
> +    - ``W:* => W:IDLE`` (previously blocked or woken without servers workers
> +      are not allowed to return to the userspace);
> +    - the worker is appended to ``W.idle_workers_ptr`` idle workers list;
> +    - ``S := *W.idle_server_tid_ptr; if (S != 0) S:IDLE => S.RUNNING; ttwu(S)``
> +    - ``idle_loop(W)``: this is the same idle loop that ``sys_umcg_wait()``
> +      uses: it breaks only when the worker becomes ``RUNNING``; when the
> +      idle loop exits, it is assumed that the userspace has properly
> +      removed the worker from the idle workers list before marking it
> +      ``RUNNING``;
> +    - ``goto start;`` (repeat from the beginning).
> +
> +  - the logic above is a bit more complicated in the presence of ``LOCKED`` or
> +    ``PREEMPTED`` flags, but the main invariants stay the same:
> +
> +    - only ``RUNNING`` workers with servers assigned are allowed to run
> +      in the userspace (unless ``LOCKED``);
> +    - newly ``IDLE`` workers are added to the idle workers list; any
> +      user-initiated state change assumes the userspace properly removed
> +      the worker from the list;
> +    - as with wake detection, any "breach of contract" by the userspace
> +      will result in the task termination via ``SIGSEGV``.
> +
> +- worker preemption: ``S:IDLE+W:RUNNING => S:RUNNING+W:IDLE|PREEMPTED``:
> +
> +  - when the userspace wants to preempt a ``RUNNING`` worker, it changes
> +    it state, atomically, ``RUNNING => RUNNING|PREEMPTED`` and sends a signal
> +    to the worker via ``tgkill()``; the signal handler, previously set up
> +    by the userspace, can be a NOP (note that only ``RUNNING`` workers can be
> +    preempted);
> +  - if the worker, at the moment the signal arrived, continued to be running
> +    on-CPU in the userspace, the "wake detection" code will be triggered that,
> +    in addition to what was described above, will check if the worker is in
> +    ``RUNNING|PREEMPTED`` state:
> +
> +    - ``W:RUNNING|PREEMPTED => W:IDLE|PREEMPTED``
> +    - ``S := W.next_tid``
> +    - ``S:IDLE => S:RUNNING``
> +    - ``try_to_wakeup(S)``
> +
> +  - if the signal arrives after the worker blocks in the kernel, the "block
> +    detection" happened as described above, with the following change:
> +
> +    - ``W:RUNNING|PREEMPTED => W:BLOCKED|PREEMPTED``
> +    - ``S := W.next_tid``
> +    - ``S:IDLE => S:RUNNING``
> +    - ``try_to_wake_up(S)``
> +
> +  - in any case, the worker's server is woken, with its attached worker
> +    (``S.next_tid``) either in ``BLOCKED|PREEMPTED`` or ``IDLE|PREEMPTED``
> +    state.
> +
> +Server-only use cases
> +=====================
> +
> +Some workloads/applications may benefit from fast and synchronous on-CPU
> +user-initiated context switches without the need for full userspace
> +scheduling (block/wake detection). These applications can use "standalone"
> +UMCG servers to wait/wake/context-switch, including across process boundaries.
> +
> +These "worker-less" operations involve trivial ``RUNNING`` <==> ``IDLE``
> +state changes, not discussed here for brevity.
> +
> --
> 2.25.1
>

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