[PATCH] sched/fair: Adjust the allowed NUMA imbalance when SD_NUMA spans multiple LLCs

From: Mel Gorman
Date: Thu Oct 28 2021 - 09:03:11 EST

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Commit 7d2b5dd0bcc4 ("sched/numa: Allow a floating imbalance between NUMA
nodes") allowed an imbalance between NUMA nodes such that communicating
tasks would not be pulled apart by the load balancer. This works fine when
there is a 1:1 relationship between LLC and node but can be suboptimal
for multiple LLCs if independent tasks prematurely use CPUs sharing cache.

Zen* has multiple LLCs per node with local memory channels and due to
the allowed imbalance, it's far harder to tune some workloads to run
optimally than it is on hardware that has 1 LLC per node. This patch
adjusts the imbalance on multi-LLC machines to allow an imbalance up to
the point where LLCs should be balanced between nodes.

On a Zen3 machine running STREAM parallelised with OMP to have on instance
per LLC the results and without binding, the results are

stream
5.15.0-rc3 5.15.0-rc3
vanilla sched-numaimb-v1r2
MB/sec copy-16 166652.10 ( 0.00%) 534760.46 ( 220.88%)
MB/sec scale-16 141550.36 ( 0.00%) 386871.58 ( 173.31%)
MB/sec add-16 156696.00 ( 0.00%) 631731.80 ( 303.16%)
MB/sec triad-16 155560.36 ( 0.00%) 622624.28 ( 300.25%)

STREAM can use directives to force the spread if the OpenMP is new
enough but that doesn't help if an application uses threads and
it's not known in advance how many threads will be created.

Coremark is a CPU and cache intensive benchmark parallelised with
pthreads. When running with 1 thread per instance, the vanilla kernel
allows threads to contend on cache. With the patch;

5.15.0-rc3 5.15.0-rc3
vanilla sched-numaimb-v1r2
Min Score-16 366090.84 ( 0.00%) 401505.65 ( 9.67%)
Hmean Score-16 391416.56 ( 0.00%) 452546.28 * 15.62%*
Stddev Score-16 16452.12 ( 0.00%) 31480.31 ( -91.35%)
CoeffVar Score-16 4.20 ( 0.00%) 6.92 ( -64.99%)
Max Score-16 416666.67 ( 0.00%) 483529.77 ( 16.05%)

It can also make a big difference for semi-realistic workloads
like specjbb which can execute arbitrary numbers of threads without
advance knowledge of how they should be placed

specjbb2005
5.15.0-rc3 5.15.0-rc3
vanilla sched-numaimb-v1r2
Hmean tput-1 72211.33 ( 0.00%) 69510.46 ( -3.74%)
Hmean tput-8 564617.72 ( 0.00%) 614862.80 * 8.90%*
Hmean tput-16 1001427.52 ( 0.00%) 1128073.47 * 12.65%*
Hmean tput-24 1391106.98 ( 0.00%) 1605210.23 * 15.39%*
Hmean tput-32 1685885.77 ( 0.00%) 1971077.42 * 16.92%*
Hmean tput-40 1840316.70 ( 0.00%) 2341328.12 * 27.22%*
Hmean tput-48 1900286.97 ( 0.00%) 2643100.06 * 39.09%*
Hmean tput-56 2161832.49 ( 0.00%) 2288492.08 ( 5.86%)
Hmean tput-64 1979696.79 ( 0.00%) 2970706.40 * 50.06%*
Hmean tput-72 2075744.37 ( 0.00%) 3036188.04 * 46.27%*
Hmean tput-80 2044842.51 ( 0.00%) 3116143.03 * 52.39%*
Hmean tput-88 2546189.47 ( 0.00%) 3095464.00 * 21.57%*
Hmean tput-96 2775456.33 ( 0.00%) 2628754.25 ( -5.29%)
Hmean tput-104 2591994.59 ( 0.00%) 3081532.21 * 18.89%*
Hmean tput-112 2817717.85 ( 0.00%) 2932890.32 ( 4.09%)
Hmean tput-120 2525230.39 ( 0.00%) 2967773.00 * 17.52%*
Hmean tput-128 2709652.37 ( 0.00%) 2912141.50 * 7.47%*

Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
---
kernel/sched/fair.c | 27 +++++++++++++++++----------
kernel/sched/sched.h | 1 +
kernel/sched/topology.c | 15 +++++++++++++++
3 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/sched/fair.c b/kernel/sched/fair.c
index ff69f245b939..fda58bcbb1c0 100644
--- a/kernel/sched/fair.c
+++ b/kernel/sched/fair.c
@@ -1545,7 +1545,7 @@ struct task_numa_env {
static unsigned long cpu_load(struct rq *rq);
static unsigned long cpu_runnable(struct rq *rq);
static unsigned long cpu_util(int cpu);
-static inline long adjust_numa_imbalance(int imbalance,
+static inline long adjust_numa_imbalance(int imbalance, int dst_cpu,
int dst_running, int dst_weight);

static inline enum
@@ -1926,8 +1926,8 @@ static void task_numa_find_cpu(struct task_numa_env *env,
src_running = env->src_stats.nr_running - 1;
dst_running = env->dst_stats.nr_running + 1;
imbalance = max(0, dst_running - src_running);
- imbalance = adjust_numa_imbalance(imbalance, dst_running,
- env->dst_stats.weight);
+ imbalance = adjust_numa_imbalance(imbalance, env->dst_cpu,
+ dst_running, env->dst_stats.weight);

/* Use idle CPU if there is no imbalance */
if (!imbalance) {
@@ -8989,9 +8989,13 @@ static bool update_pick_idlest(struct sched_group *idlest,
* This is an approximation as the number of running tasks may not be
* related to the number of busy CPUs due to sched_setaffinity.
*/
-static inline bool allow_numa_imbalance(int dst_running, int dst_weight)
+static inline bool
+allow_numa_imbalance(int dst_cpu, int dst_running, int dst_weight)
{
- return (dst_running < (dst_weight >> 2));
+ /* Allowed NUMA imbalance */
+ dst_weight >>= per_cpu(sd_numaimb_shift, dst_cpu);
+
+ return dst_running < dst_weight;
}

/*
@@ -9111,8 +9115,9 @@ find_idlest_group(struct sched_domain *sd, struct task_struct *p, int this_cpu)

case group_has_spare:
if (sd->flags & SD_NUMA) {
+ int idlest_cpu = cpumask_first(sched_group_span(idlest));
+
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
- int idlest_cpu;
/*
* If there is spare capacity at NUMA, try to select
* the preferred node
@@ -9120,7 +9125,6 @@ find_idlest_group(struct sched_domain *sd, struct task_struct *p, int this_cpu)
if (cpu_to_node(this_cpu) == p->numa_preferred_nid)
return NULL;

- idlest_cpu = cpumask_first(sched_group_span(idlest));
if (cpu_to_node(idlest_cpu) == p->numa_preferred_nid)
return idlest;
#endif
@@ -9130,8 +9134,10 @@ find_idlest_group(struct sched_domain *sd, struct task_struct *p, int this_cpu)
* a real need of migration, periodic load balance will
* take care of it.
*/
- if (allow_numa_imbalance(local_sgs.sum_nr_running, sd->span_weight))
+ if (allow_numa_imbalance(idlest_cpu,
+ local_sgs.sum_nr_running, sd->span_weight)) {
return NULL;
+ }
}

/*
@@ -9221,10 +9227,10 @@ static inline void update_sd_lb_stats(struct lb_env *env, struct sd_lb_stats *sd

#define NUMA_IMBALANCE_MIN 2

-static inline long adjust_numa_imbalance(int imbalance,
+static inline long adjust_numa_imbalance(int imbalance, int dst_cpu,
int dst_running, int dst_weight)
{
- if (!allow_numa_imbalance(dst_running, dst_weight))
+ if (!allow_numa_imbalance(dst_cpu, dst_running, dst_weight))
return imbalance;

/*
@@ -9336,6 +9342,7 @@ static inline void calculate_imbalance(struct lb_env *env, struct sd_lb_stats *s
/* Consider allowing a small imbalance between NUMA groups */
if (env->sd->flags & SD_NUMA) {
env->imbalance = adjust_numa_imbalance(env->imbalance,
+ env->src_cpu,
busiest->sum_nr_running, busiest->group_weight);
}

diff --git a/kernel/sched/sched.h b/kernel/sched/sched.h
index 3d3e5793e117..f2620d6b9918 100644
--- a/kernel/sched/sched.h
+++ b/kernel/sched/sched.h
@@ -1777,6 +1777,7 @@ static inline struct sched_domain *lowest_flag_domain(int cpu, int flag)
DECLARE_PER_CPU(struct sched_domain __rcu *, sd_llc);
DECLARE_PER_CPU(int, sd_llc_size);
DECLARE_PER_CPU(int, sd_llc_id);
+DECLARE_PER_CPU(int, sd_numaimb_shift);
DECLARE_PER_CPU(struct sched_domain_shared __rcu *, sd_llc_shared);
DECLARE_PER_CPU(struct sched_domain __rcu *, sd_numa);
DECLARE_PER_CPU(struct sched_domain __rcu *, sd_asym_packing);
diff --git a/kernel/sched/topology.c b/kernel/sched/topology.c
index 4e8698e62f07..08fb02510967 100644
--- a/kernel/sched/topology.c
+++ b/kernel/sched/topology.c
@@ -644,6 +644,7 @@ static void destroy_sched_domains(struct sched_domain *sd)
DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct sched_domain __rcu *, sd_llc);
DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, sd_llc_size);
DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, sd_llc_id);
+DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, sd_numaimb_shift);
DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct sched_domain_shared __rcu *, sd_llc_shared);
DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct sched_domain __rcu *, sd_numa);
DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct sched_domain __rcu *, sd_asym_packing);
@@ -672,6 +673,20 @@ static void update_top_cache_domain(int cpu)
sd = lowest_flag_domain(cpu, SD_NUMA);
rcu_assign_pointer(per_cpu(sd_numa, cpu), sd);

+ /*
+ * Save the threshold where an imbalance is allowed between SD_NUMA
+ * domains. If LLC spans the entire node, then imbalances are allowed
+ * until 25% of the domain is active. Otherwise, allow an imbalance
+ * up to the point where LLCs between NUMA nodes should be balanced
+ * to maximise cache and memory bandwidth utilisation.
+ */
+ if (sd) {
+ if (sd->span_weight == size)
+ per_cpu(sd_numaimb_shift, cpu) = 2;
+ else
+ per_cpu(sd_numaimb_shift, cpu) = max(2, ilog2(sd->span_weight / size * num_online_nodes()));
+ }
+
sd = highest_flag_domain(cpu, SD_ASYM_PACKING);
rcu_assign_pointer(per_cpu(sd_asym_packing, cpu), sd);

Next message: Chao Yu: "[PATCH] f2fs: support fault injection for dquot_initialize()"
Previous message: Naveen Krishna Chatradhi: "[PATCH v6 5/5] EDAC/amd64: Enumerate memory on Aldebaran GPU nodes"
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