Re: [PATCH] static_call,x86: Robustify trampoline patching

From: Andy Lutomirski
Date: Tue Nov 02 2021 - 20:20:23 EST


On 11/2/21 16:13, Kees Cook wrote:
On Tue, Nov 02, 2021 at 02:02:38PM -0700, Andy Lutomirski wrote:


On Tue, Nov 2, 2021, at 11:10 AM, Kees Cook wrote:
On Tue, Nov 02, 2021 at 01:57:44PM +0100, Peter Zijlstra wrote:
On Mon, Nov 01, 2021 at 03:14:41PM +0100, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
On Mon, 1 Nov 2021 at 10:05, Peter Zijlstra <peterz@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:

How is that not true for the jump table approach? Like I showed earlier,
it is *trivial* to reconstruct the actual function pointer from a
jump-table entry pointer.


That is not the point. The point is that Clang instruments every
indirect call that it emits, to check whether the type of the jump
table entry it is about to call matches the type of the caller. IOW,
the indirect calls can only branch into jump tables, and all jump
table entries in a table each branch to the start of some function of
the same type.

So the only thing you could achieve by adding or subtracting a
constant value from the indirect call address is either calling
another function of the same type (if you are hitting another entry in
the same table), or failing the CFI type check.

Ah, I see, so the call-site needs to have a branch around the indirect
call instruction.

Instrumenting the callee only needs something like BTI, and a
consistent use of the landing pads to ensure that you cannot trivially
omit the check by landing right after it.

That does bring up another point tho; how are we going to do a kernel
that's optimal for both software CFI and hardware aided CFI?

All questions that need answering I think.

I'm totally fine with designing a new CFI for a future option,
but blocking the existing (working) one does not best serve our end
users.

I like security, but I also like building working systems, and I think
I disagree with you. There are a whole bunch of CFI schemes out there,
with varying hardware requirements, and they provide varying degrees
of fine grained protection and varying degrees of protection against
improper speculation. We do not want to merge clang CFI just because
it’s “ready” and end up with a mess that makes it harder to support
other schemes in the kernel.

Right, and I see the difficulties here. And speaking to Peter's
observation that CFI "accidentally" worked with static_calls, I don't
see it that way: it worked because it was designed to be as "invisible"
as possible. It's just that at a certain point of extreme binary output
control, it becomes an issue and I think that's going to be true for
*any* CFI system: they each will have different design characteristics.

One of the goals of the Clang CFI use in Linux was to make it as
minimally invasive as possible (and you can see this guiding Sami's
choices: e.g. he didn't go change all the opaque address uses to need a
"&" prefix added, etc). I think we're always going to have some
push/pull between the compiler's "general"ness and the kernel's
"specific"ness.

The "&" thing was the wrong way around. That part of CFI was Linux being sloppy, and the & part is a straight-up improvement. Improvements can be invasive. The problem with invasive code is when it invades places it doesn't belong.


So, yes, a good CFI scheme needs caller-side protection, especially if
IBT isn’t in use. But a good CFI scheme also needs to interoperate with
the rest of the kernel, and this whole “canonical” and symbol-based
lookup and static_call thing is nonsense. I think we need a better
implementation, whether it uses intrinsics or little C helpers or
whatever.

I think we're very close already. Like I said, I think it's fine to nail
down some of these interoperability requirements; we've been doing it
all along. We got there with arm64, and it looks to me like we're almost
there on x86. There is this particular case with static_calls now, but I
don't think it's insurmountable.

So fundamentally, I think there's a sort of type system issue here, and it's more or less the same issue with IBT and with various fine-grained refinements to IBT. Using syntax more or like what's been floating around this thread, the asm works like this:

[possible magic here depending on the precise scheme]
func.indirect:
ENDBR (if it's an IBT build)
[magic here?]

[in a jump table scheme, there's a jmp here and possibly a large or negative gap.]

func:
actual body

The point being that there's the actual function body (where one should *direct* jump to) and there's the address that goes in a C function pointer. Indirect calls/jumps go to (or pretend to go to, depending on the scheme) func.indirect.

While one can plausibly kludge up the static call patching (and who knows what else -- eBPF, kprobes, mcount stuff, etc) using symbol-based hackery, I think we actually just want a way to convert from a function pointer to a function address. It doesn't need to be fast, but it needs to work. And I think this can probably be mostly done in plain C based on clang's implementation. Ideally it would have a typecheck:

unsigned long __cfi_decode_funcpointer(funcptr type);

but that's not happening in plain C because I don't think there's a way to get the magic metadata. But I bet we could do:

unsigned long __cfi_decode_funcpointer(funcptr val, funcptr ref)
{
BUG_ON(ref and val aren't the same type);
read insn bytes at val;
return the jump target;
}

If this won't work with current clang, let's ask to get whatever basic functionality is needed to enable it.

<rambling>

Sadly, in clang, this is wrapped up in the incomprehensible "canonical" stuff. I think that's a big mistake -- any sane ENDBR-using scheme would really prefer that ENDBR to be right next to the actual function body, and really any scheme would benefit due to better cache locality. But, more importantly, IMO any sane ENDBR-using scheme wants to generate the indirect stub as part of code gen for the actual function. In an IBT build, this really doesn't deserve to work:

non-IBT C file generating:

func:
ret

IBT-aware C file:

extern void func(void);
ptr = func;

clang has horrible magic to generate the indirect stub in the caller translation unit, and I think that's solving a problem that doesn't really need solving. Sure, it's nifty, but it IMO should be opt-in, at least in a world where everyone agrees to recompile for CFI. (Sure, using that hack for userspace IBT would be cute, and it would work.)

There's another tradeoff, though: errors like this are possible:

translation unit A:
void func(int)
{
[body here]
}

translation unit B:
extern void func(char); /* wrong signature! */
ptr = func;
ptr();

The callee-generates-the-stub model will not catch this. The caller-generates-the-stub model will.


Sure, and this is the kind of thing I mean: we had an awkward
implementation of a meaningful defense, and we improved on it. I think
it's important to be able to make these kinds of concessions to gain the
defensive features they provide. And yes, we can continue to improve it,
but in the meantime, we can stop entire classes of problems from
happening to our user base.


In retrospect, we should have put our feet down with stack protector, though. The problem with it was gcc hardcoding things that shouldn't have been hardcoded, and the gcc fixes were trivial.