[PATCH v3 08/19] rust: add `macros` crate

[Miguel Ojeda]

This crate contains all the procedural macros ("proc macros")
shared by all the kernel.

Procedural macros allow to create syntax extensions. They run at
compile-time and can consume as well as produce Rust syntax.

For instance, the `module!` macro that is used by Rust modules
is implemented here. It allows to easily declare the equivalent
information to the `MODULE_*` macros in C modules, e.g.:

    module! {
        type: RustMinimal,
        name: b"rust_minimal",
        author: b"Rust for Linux Contributors",
        description: b"Rust minimal sample",
        license: b"GPL v2",
    }

Co-developed-by: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@xxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@xxxxxxxxx>
Co-developed-by: Finn Behrens <me@xxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Finn Behrens <me@xxxxxxxxx>
Co-developed-by: Adam Bratschi-Kaye <ark.email@xxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Adam Bratschi-Kaye <ark.email@xxxxxxxxx>
Co-developed-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@xxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@xxxxxxxxxx>
Co-developed-by: Sumera Priyadarsini <sylphrenadin@xxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Sumera Priyadarsini <sylphrenadin@xxxxxxxxx>
Co-developed-by: Gary Guo <gary@xxxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Gary Guo <gary@xxxxxxxxxxx>
Co-developed-by: Matthew Bakhtiari <dev@xxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Bakhtiari <dev@xxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@xxxxxxxxxx>
---
 rust/macros/helpers.rs |  79 ++++++
 rust/macros/lib.rs     |  94 +++++++
 rust/macros/module.rs  | 622 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 795 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 rust/macros/helpers.rs
 create mode 100644 rust/macros/lib.rs
 create mode 100644 rust/macros/module.rs

diff --git a/rust/macros/helpers.rs b/rust/macros/helpers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ad210563e5a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/macros/helpers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+use proc_macro::{token_stream, Group, TokenTree};
+
+pub(crate) fn try_ident(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> Option<String> {
+    if let Some(TokenTree::Ident(ident)) = it.next() {
+        Some(ident.to_string())
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn try_literal(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> Option<String> {
+    if let Some(TokenTree::Literal(literal)) = it.next() {
+        Some(literal.to_string())
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn try_byte_string(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> Option<String> {
+    try_literal(it).and_then(|byte_string| {
+        if byte_string.starts_with("b\"") && byte_string.ends_with('\"') {
+            Some(byte_string[2..byte_string.len() - 1].to_string())
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn expect_ident(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> String {
+    try_ident(it).expect("Expected Ident")
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn expect_punct(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> char {
+    if let TokenTree::Punct(punct) = it.next().expect("Reached end of token stream for Punct") {
+        punct.as_char()
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected Punct");
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn expect_literal(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> String {
+    try_literal(it).expect("Expected Literal")
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn expect_group(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> Group {
+    if let TokenTree::Group(group) = it.next().expect("Reached end of token stream for Group") {
+        group
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected Group");
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn expect_byte_string(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> String {
+    try_byte_string(it).expect("Expected byte string")
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn expect_end(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) {
+    if it.next().is_some() {
+        panic!("Expected end");
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn get_literal(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter, expected_name: &str) -> String {
+    assert_eq!(expect_ident(it), expected_name);
+    assert_eq!(expect_punct(it), ':');
+    let literal = expect_literal(it);
+    assert_eq!(expect_punct(it), ',');
+    literal
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn get_byte_string(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter, expected_name: &str) -> String {
+    assert_eq!(expect_ident(it), expected_name);
+    assert_eq!(expect_punct(it), ':');
+    let byte_string = expect_byte_string(it);
+    assert_eq!(expect_punct(it), ',');
+    byte_string
+}
diff --git a/rust/macros/lib.rs b/rust/macros/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5f0732be3992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/macros/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! Crate for all kernel procedural macros.
+
+mod helpers;
+mod module;
+
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+
+/// Declares a kernel module.
+///
+/// The `type` argument should be a type which implements the [`KernelModule`]
+/// trait. Also accepts various forms of kernel metadata.
+///
+/// C header: [`include/linux/moduleparam.h`](../../../include/linux/moduleparam.h)
+///
+/// [`KernelModule`]: ../kernel/trait.KernelModule.html
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// use kernel::prelude::*;
+///
+/// module!{
+///     type: MyKernelModule,
+///     name: b"my_kernel_module",
+///     author: b"Rust for Linux Contributors",
+///     description: b"My very own kernel module!",
+///     license: b"GPL v2",
+///     params: {
+///        my_i32: i32 {
+///            default: 42,
+///            permissions: 0o000,
+///            description: b"Example of i32",
+///        },
+///        writeable_i32: i32 {
+///            default: 42,
+///            permissions: 0o644,
+///            description: b"Example of i32",
+///        },
+///    },
+/// }
+///
+/// struct MyKernelModule;
+///
+/// impl KernelModule for MyKernelModule {
+///     fn init() -> Result<Self> {
+///         // If the parameter is writeable, then the kparam lock must be
+///         // taken to read the parameter:
+///         {
+///             let lock = THIS_MODULE.kernel_param_lock();
+///             pr_info!("i32 param is:  {}\n", writeable_i32.read(&lock));
+///         }
+///         // If the parameter is read only, it can be read without locking
+///         // the kernel parameters:
+///         pr_info!("i32 param is:  {}\n", my_i32.read());
+///         Ok(MyKernelModule)
+///     }
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Supported argument types
+///   - `type`: type which implements the [`KernelModule`] trait (required).
+///   - `name`: byte array of the name of the kernel module (required).
+///   - `author`: byte array of the author of the kernel module.
+///   - `description`: byte array of the description of the kernel module.
+///   - `license`: byte array of the license of the kernel module (required).
+///   - `alias`: byte array of alias name of the kernel module.
+///   - `alias_rtnl_link`: byte array of the `rtnl_link_alias` of the kernel module (mutually exclusive with `alias`).
+///   - `params`: parameters for the kernel module, as described below.
+///
+/// # Supported parameter types
+///
+///   - `bool`: Corresponds to C `bool` param type.
+///   - `i8`: No equivalent C param type.
+///   - `u8`: Corresponds to C `char` param type.
+///   - `i16`: Corresponds to C `short` param type.
+///   - `u16`: Corresponds to C `ushort` param type.
+///   - `i32`: Corresponds to C `int` param type.
+///   - `u32`: Corresponds to C `uint` param type.
+///   - `i64`: No equivalent C param type.
+///   - `u64`: Corresponds to C `ullong` param type.
+///   - `isize`: No equivalent C param type.
+///   - `usize`: No equivalent C param type.
+///   - `str`: Corresponds to C `charp` param type. Reading returns a byte slice.
+///   - `ArrayParam<T,N>`: Corresponds to C parameters created using `module_param_array`. An array
+///     of `T`'s of length at **most** `N`.
+///
+/// `invbool` is unsupported: it was only ever used in a few modules.
+/// Consider using a `bool` and inverting the logic instead.
+#[proc_macro]
+pub fn module(ts: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    module::module(ts)
+}
diff --git a/rust/macros/module.rs b/rust/macros/module.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f43ff3ea01cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/macros/module.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+use proc_macro::{token_stream, Delimiter, Group, Literal, TokenStream, TokenTree};
+
+use crate::helpers::*;
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
+enum ParamType {
+    Ident(String),
+    Array { vals: String, max_length: usize },
+}
+
+fn expect_array_fields(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> ParamType {
+    assert_eq!(expect_punct(it), '<');
+    let vals = expect_ident(it);
+    assert_eq!(expect_punct(it), ',');
+    let max_length_str = expect_literal(it);
+    let max_length = max_length_str
+        .parse::<usize>()
+        .expect("Expected usize length");
+    assert_eq!(expect_punct(it), '>');
+    ParamType::Array { vals, max_length }
+}
+
+fn expect_type(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> ParamType {
+    if let TokenTree::Ident(ident) = it
+        .next()
+        .expect("Reached end of token stream for param type")
+    {
+        match ident.to_string().as_ref() {
+            "ArrayParam" => expect_array_fields(it),
+            _ => ParamType::Ident(ident.to_string()),
+        }
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected Param Type")
+    }
+}
+
+struct ModInfoBuilder<'a> {
+    module: &'a str,
+    counter: usize,
+    buffer: String,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ModInfoBuilder<'a> {
+    fn new(module: &'a str) -> Self {
+        ModInfoBuilder {
+            module,
+            counter: 0,
+            buffer: String::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_base(&mut self, field: &str, content: &str, builtin: bool) {
+        use std::fmt::Write;
+
+        let string = if builtin {
+            // Built-in modules prefix their modinfo strings by `module.`.
+            format!(
+                "{module}.{field}={content}\0",
+                module = self.module,
+                field = field,
+                content = content
+            )
+        } else {
+            // Loadable modules' modinfo strings go as-is.
+            format!("{field}={content}\0", field = field, content = content)
+        };
+
+        write!(
+            &mut self.buffer,
+            "
+                {cfg}
+                #[doc(hidden)]
+                #[link_section = \".modinfo\"]
+                #[used]
+                pub static __{module}_{counter}: [u8; {length}] = *{string};
+            ",
+            cfg = if builtin {
+                "#[cfg(not(MODULE))]"
+            } else {
+                "#[cfg(MODULE)]"
+            },
+            module = self.module,
+            counter = self.counter,
+            length = string.len(),
+            string = Literal::byte_string(string.as_bytes()),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        self.counter += 1;
+    }
+
+    fn emit_only_builtin(&mut self, field: &str, content: &str) {
+        self.emit_base(field, content, true)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_only_loadable(&mut self, field: &str, content: &str) {
+        self.emit_base(field, content, false)
+    }
+
+    fn emit(&mut self, field: &str, content: &str) {
+        self.emit_only_builtin(field, content);
+        self.emit_only_loadable(field, content);
+    }
+
+    fn emit_param(&mut self, field: &str, param: &str, content: &str) {
+        let content = format!("{param}:{content}", param = param, content = content);
+        self.emit(field, &content);
+    }
+}
+
+fn permissions_are_readonly(perms: &str) -> bool {
+    let (radix, digits) = if let Some(n) = perms.strip_prefix("0x") {
+        (16, n)
+    } else if let Some(n) = perms.strip_prefix("0o") {
+        (8, n)
+    } else if let Some(n) = perms.strip_prefix("0b") {
+        (2, n)
+    } else {
+        (10, perms)
+    };
+    match u32::from_str_radix(digits, radix) {
+        Ok(perms) => perms & 0o222 == 0,
+        Err(_) => false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn param_ops_path(param_type: &str) -> &'static str {
+    match param_type {
+        "bool" => "kernel::module_param::PARAM_OPS_BOOL",
+        "i8" => "kernel::module_param::PARAM_OPS_I8",
+        "u8" => "kernel::module_param::PARAM_OPS_U8",
+        "i16" => "kernel::module_param::PARAM_OPS_I16",
+        "u16" => "kernel::module_param::PARAM_OPS_U16",
+        "i32" => "kernel::module_param::PARAM_OPS_I32",
+        "u32" => "kernel::module_param::PARAM_OPS_U32",
+        "i64" => "kernel::module_param::PARAM_OPS_I64",
+        "u64" => "kernel::module_param::PARAM_OPS_U64",
+        "isize" => "kernel::module_param::PARAM_OPS_ISIZE",
+        "usize" => "kernel::module_param::PARAM_OPS_USIZE",
+        "str" => "kernel::module_param::PARAM_OPS_STR",
+        t => panic!("Unrecognized type {}", t),
+    }
+}
+
+fn try_simple_param_val(
+    param_type: &str,
+) -> Box<dyn Fn(&mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> Option<String>> {
+    match param_type {
+        "bool" => Box::new(try_ident),
+        "str" => Box::new(|param_it| {
+            try_byte_string(param_it)
+                .map(|s| format!("kernel::module_param::StringParam::Ref(b\"{}\")", s))
+        }),
+        _ => Box::new(try_literal),
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_default(param_type: &ParamType, param_it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> String {
+    let try_param_val = match param_type {
+        ParamType::Ident(ref param_type)
+        | ParamType::Array {
+            vals: ref param_type,
+            max_length: _,
+        } => try_simple_param_val(param_type),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(expect_ident(param_it), "default");
+    assert_eq!(expect_punct(param_it), ':');
+    let default = match param_type {
+        ParamType::Ident(_) => try_param_val(param_it).expect("Expected default param value"),
+        ParamType::Array {
+            vals: _,
+            max_length: _,
+        } => {
+            let group = expect_group(param_it);
+            assert_eq!(group.delimiter(), Delimiter::Bracket);
+            let mut default_vals = Vec::new();
+            let mut it = group.stream().into_iter();
+
+            while let Some(default_val) = try_param_val(&mut it) {
+                default_vals.push(default_val);
+                match it.next() {
+                    Some(TokenTree::Punct(punct)) => assert_eq!(punct.as_char(), ','),
+                    None => break,
+                    _ => panic!("Expected ',' or end of array default values"),
+                }
+            }
+
+            let mut default_array = "kernel::module_param::ArrayParam::create(&[".to_string();
+            default_array.push_str(
+                &default_vals
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|val| val.to_string())
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                    .join(","),
+            );
+            default_array.push_str("])");
+            default_array
+        }
+    };
+    assert_eq!(expect_punct(param_it), ',');
+    default
+}
+
+fn generated_array_ops_name(vals: &str, max_length: usize) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "__generated_array_ops_{vals}_{max_length}",
+        vals = vals,
+        max_length = max_length
+    )
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct ModuleInfo {
+    type_: String,
+    license: String,
+    name: String,
+    author: Option<String>,
+    description: Option<String>,
+    alias: Option<String>,
+    params: Option<Group>,
+}
+
+impl ModuleInfo {
+    fn parse(it: &mut token_stream::IntoIter) -> Self {
+        let mut info = ModuleInfo::default();
+
+        const EXPECTED_KEYS: &[&str] = &[
+            "type",
+            "name",
+            "author",
+            "description",
+            "license",
+            "alias",
+            "alias_rtnl_link",
+            "params",
+        ];
+        const REQUIRED_KEYS: &[&str] = &["type", "name", "license"];
+        let mut seen_keys = Vec::new();
+
+        loop {
+            let key = match it.next() {
+                Some(TokenTree::Ident(ident)) => ident.to_string(),
+                Some(_) => panic!("Expected Ident or end"),
+                None => break,
+            };
+
+            if seen_keys.contains(&key) {
+                panic!(
+                    "Duplicated key \"{}\". Keys can only be specified once.",
+                    key
+                );
+            }
+
+            assert_eq!(expect_punct(it), ':');
+
+            match key.as_str() {
+                "type" => info.type_ = expect_ident(it),
+                "name" => info.name = expect_byte_string(it),
+                "author" => info.author = Some(expect_byte_string(it)),
+                "description" => info.description = Some(expect_byte_string(it)),
+                "license" => info.license = expect_byte_string(it),
+                "alias" => info.alias = Some(expect_byte_string(it)),
+                "alias_rtnl_link" => {
+                    info.alias = Some(format!("rtnl-link-{}", expect_byte_string(it)))
+                }
+                "params" => info.params = Some(expect_group(it)),
+                _ => panic!(
+                    "Unknown key \"{}\". Valid keys are: {:?}.",
+                    key, EXPECTED_KEYS
+                ),
+            }
+
+            assert_eq!(expect_punct(it), ',');
+
+            seen_keys.push(key);
+        }
+
+        expect_end(it);
+
+        for key in REQUIRED_KEYS {
+            if !seen_keys.iter().any(|e| e == key) {
+                panic!("Missing required key \"{}\".", key);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut ordered_keys: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+        for key in EXPECTED_KEYS {
+            if seen_keys.iter().any(|e| e == key) {
+                ordered_keys.push(key);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if seen_keys != ordered_keys {
+            panic!(
+                "Keys are not ordered as expected. Order them like: {:?}.",
+                ordered_keys
+            );
+        }
+
+        info
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn module(ts: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let mut it = ts.into_iter();
+
+    let info = ModuleInfo::parse(&mut it);
+
+    let mut modinfo = ModInfoBuilder::new(info.name.as_ref());
+    if let Some(author) = info.author {
+        modinfo.emit("author", &author);
+    }
+    if let Some(description) = info.description {
+        modinfo.emit("description", &description);
+    }
+    modinfo.emit("license", &info.license);
+    if let Some(alias) = info.alias {
+        modinfo.emit("alias", &alias);
+    }
+
+    // Built-in modules also export the `file` modinfo string
+    let file =
+        std::env::var("RUST_MODFILE").expect("Unable to fetch RUST_MODFILE environmental variable");
+    modinfo.emit_only_builtin("file", &file);
+
+    let mut array_types_to_generate = Vec::new();
+    if let Some(params) = info.params {
+        assert_eq!(params.delimiter(), Delimiter::Brace);
+
+        let mut it = params.stream().into_iter();
+
+        loop {
+            let param_name = match it.next() {
+                Some(TokenTree::Ident(ident)) => ident.to_string(),
+                Some(_) => panic!("Expected Ident or end"),
+                None => break,
+            };
+
+            assert_eq!(expect_punct(&mut it), ':');
+            let param_type = expect_type(&mut it);
+            let group = expect_group(&mut it);
+            assert_eq!(expect_punct(&mut it), ',');
+
+            assert_eq!(group.delimiter(), Delimiter::Brace);
+
+            let mut param_it = group.stream().into_iter();
+            let param_default = get_default(&param_type, &mut param_it);
+            let param_permissions = get_literal(&mut param_it, "permissions");
+            let param_description = get_byte_string(&mut param_it, "description");
+            expect_end(&mut param_it);
+
+            // TODO: more primitive types
+            // TODO: other kinds: unsafes, etc.
+            let (param_kernel_type, ops): (String, _) = match param_type {
+                ParamType::Ident(ref param_type) => (
+                    param_type.to_string(),
+                    param_ops_path(param_type).to_string(),
+                ),
+                ParamType::Array {
+                    ref vals,
+                    max_length,
+                } => {
+                    array_types_to_generate.push((vals.clone(), max_length));
+                    (
+                        format!("__rust_array_param_{}_{}", vals, max_length),
+                        generated_array_ops_name(vals, max_length),
+                    )
+                }
+            };
+
+            modinfo.emit_param("parmtype", &param_name, &param_kernel_type);
+            modinfo.emit_param("parm", &param_name, &param_description);
+            let param_type_internal = match param_type {
+                ParamType::Ident(ref param_type) => match param_type.as_ref() {
+                    "str" => "kernel::module_param::StringParam".to_string(),
+                    other => other.to_string(),
+                },
+                ParamType::Array {
+                    ref vals,
+                    max_length,
+                } => format!(
+                    "kernel::module_param::ArrayParam<{vals}, {max_length}>",
+                    vals = vals,
+                    max_length = max_length
+                ),
+            };
+            let read_func = if permissions_are_readonly(&param_permissions) {
+                format!(
+                    "
+                        fn read(&self) -> &<{param_type_internal} as kernel::module_param::ModuleParam>::Value {{
+                            // SAFETY: Parameters do not need to be locked because they are read only or sysfs is not enabled.
+                            unsafe {{ <{param_type_internal} as kernel::module_param::ModuleParam>::value(&__{name}_{param_name}_value) }}
+                        }}
+                    ",
+                    name = info.name,
+                    param_name = param_name,
+                    param_type_internal = param_type_internal,
+                )
+            } else {
+                format!(
+                    "
+                        fn read<'lck>(&self, lock: &'lck kernel::KParamGuard) -> &'lck <{param_type_internal} as kernel::module_param::ModuleParam>::Value {{
+                            // SAFETY: Parameters are locked by `KParamGuard`.
+                            unsafe {{ <{param_type_internal} as kernel::module_param::ModuleParam>::value(&__{name}_{param_name}_value) }}
+                        }}
+                    ",
+                    name = info.name,
+                    param_name = param_name,
+                    param_type_internal = param_type_internal,
+                )
+            };
+            let kparam = format!(
+                "
+                    kernel::bindings::kernel_param__bindgen_ty_1 {{
+                        arg: unsafe {{ &__{name}_{param_name}_value }} as *const _ as *mut kernel::c_types::c_void,
+                    }},
+                ",
+                name = info.name,
+                param_name = param_name,
+            );
+            modinfo.buffer.push_str(
+                &format!(
+                    "
+                    static mut __{name}_{param_name}_value: {param_type_internal} = {param_default};
+
+                    struct __{name}_{param_name};
+
+                    impl __{name}_{param_name} {{ {read_func} }}
+
+                    const {param_name}: __{name}_{param_name} = __{name}_{param_name};
+
+                    // Note: the C macro that generates the static structs for the `__param` section
+                    // asks for them to be `aligned(sizeof(void *))`. However, that was put in place
+                    // in 2003 in commit 38d5b085d2 (\"[PATCH] Fix over-alignment problem on x86-64\")
+                    // to undo GCC over-alignment of static structs of >32 bytes. It seems that is
+                    // not the case anymore, so we simplify to a transparent representation here
+                    // in the expectation that it is not needed anymore.
+                    // TODO: revisit this to confirm the above comment and remove it if it happened
+                    #[repr(transparent)]
+                    struct __{name}_{param_name}_RacyKernelParam(kernel::bindings::kernel_param);
+
+                    unsafe impl Sync for __{name}_{param_name}_RacyKernelParam {{
+                    }}
+
+                    #[cfg(not(MODULE))]
+                    const __{name}_{param_name}_name: *const kernel::c_types::c_char = b\"{name}.{param_name}\\0\" as *const _ as *const kernel::c_types::c_char;
+
+                    #[cfg(MODULE)]
+                    const __{name}_{param_name}_name: *const kernel::c_types::c_char = b\"{param_name}\\0\" as *const _ as *const kernel::c_types::c_char;
+
+                    #[link_section = \"__param\"]
+                    #[used]
+                    static __{name}_{param_name}_struct: __{name}_{param_name}_RacyKernelParam = __{name}_{param_name}_RacyKernelParam(kernel::bindings::kernel_param {{
+                        name: __{name}_{param_name}_name,
+                        // SAFETY: `__this_module` is constructed by the kernel at load time and will not be freed until the module is unloaded.
+                        #[cfg(MODULE)]
+                        mod_: unsafe {{ &kernel::bindings::__this_module as *const _ as *mut _ }},
+                        #[cfg(not(MODULE))]
+                        mod_: core::ptr::null_mut(),
+                        ops: unsafe {{ &{ops} }} as *const kernel::bindings::kernel_param_ops,
+                        perm: {permissions},
+                        level: -1,
+                        flags: 0,
+                        __bindgen_anon_1: {kparam}
+                    }});
+                    ",
+                    name = info.name,
+                    param_type_internal = param_type_internal,
+                    read_func = read_func,
+                    param_default = param_default,
+                    param_name = param_name,
+                    ops = ops,
+                    permissions = param_permissions,
+                    kparam = kparam,
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut generated_array_types = String::new();
+
+    for (vals, max_length) in array_types_to_generate {
+        let ops_name = generated_array_ops_name(&vals, max_length);
+        generated_array_types.push_str(&format!(
+            "
+                kernel::make_param_ops!(
+                    {ops_name},
+                    kernel::module_param::ArrayParam<{vals}, {{ {max_length} }}>
+                );
+            ",
+            ops_name = ops_name,
+            vals = vals,
+            max_length = max_length,
+        ));
+    }
+
+    format!(
+        "
+            /// The module name.
+            ///
+            /// Used by the printing macros, e.g. [`info!`].
+            const __LOG_PREFIX: &[u8] = b\"{name}\\0\";
+
+            static mut __MOD: Option<{type_}> = None;
+
+            // SAFETY: `__this_module` is constructed by the kernel at load time and will not be freed until the module is unloaded.
+            #[cfg(MODULE)]
+            static THIS_MODULE: kernel::ThisModule = unsafe {{ kernel::ThisModule::from_ptr(&kernel::bindings::__this_module as *const _ as *mut _) }};
+            #[cfg(not(MODULE))]
+            static THIS_MODULE: kernel::ThisModule = unsafe {{ kernel::ThisModule::from_ptr(core::ptr::null_mut()) }};
+
+            // Loadable modules need to export the `{{init,cleanup}}_module` identifiers
+            #[cfg(MODULE)]
+            #[doc(hidden)]
+            #[no_mangle]
+            pub extern \"C\" fn init_module() -> kernel::c_types::c_int {{
+                __init()
+            }}
+
+            #[cfg(MODULE)]
+            #[doc(hidden)]
+            #[no_mangle]
+            pub extern \"C\" fn cleanup_module() {{
+                __exit()
+            }}
+
+            // Built-in modules are initialized through an initcall pointer
+            // and the identifiers need to be unique
+            #[cfg(not(MODULE))]
+            #[cfg(not(CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_PREL32_RELOCATIONS))]
+            #[doc(hidden)]
+            #[link_section = \"{initcall_section}\"]
+            #[used]
+            pub static __{name}_initcall: extern \"C\" fn() -> kernel::c_types::c_int = __{name}_init;
+
+            #[cfg(not(MODULE))]
+            #[cfg(CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_PREL32_RELOCATIONS)]
+            global_asm!(
+                r#\".section \"{initcall_section}\", \"a\"
+                __{name}_initcall:
+                    .long   __{name}_init - .
+                    .previous
+                \"#
+            );
+
+            #[cfg(not(MODULE))]
+            #[doc(hidden)]
+            #[no_mangle]
+            pub extern \"C\" fn __{name}_init() -> kernel::c_types::c_int {{
+                __init()
+            }}
+
+            #[cfg(not(MODULE))]
+            #[doc(hidden)]
+            #[no_mangle]
+            pub extern \"C\" fn __{name}_exit() {{
+                __exit()
+            }}
+
+            fn __init() -> kernel::c_types::c_int {{
+                match <{type_} as kernel::KernelModule>::init(kernel::c_str!(\"{name}\"), &THIS_MODULE) {{
+                    Ok(m) => {{
+                        unsafe {{
+                            __MOD = Some(m);
+                        }}
+                        return 0;
+                    }}
+                    Err(e) => {{
+                        return e.to_kernel_errno();
+                    }}
+                }}
+            }}
+
+            fn __exit() {{
+                unsafe {{
+                    // Invokes `drop()` on `__MOD`, which should be used for cleanup.
+                    __MOD = None;
+                }}
+            }}
+
+            {modinfo}
+
+            {generated_array_types}
+        ",
+        type_ = info.type_,
+        name = info.name,
+        modinfo = modinfo.buffer,
+        generated_array_types = generated_array_types,
+        initcall_section = ".initcall6.init"
+    ).parse().expect("Error parsing formatted string into token stream.")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_permissions_are_readonly() {
+        assert!(permissions_are_readonly("0b000000000"));
+        assert!(permissions_are_readonly("0o000"));
+        assert!(permissions_are_readonly("000"));
+        assert!(permissions_are_readonly("0x000"));
+
+        assert!(!permissions_are_readonly("0b111111111"));
+        assert!(!permissions_are_readonly("0o777"));
+        assert!(!permissions_are_readonly("511"));
+        assert!(!permissions_are_readonly("0x1ff"));
+
+        assert!(permissions_are_readonly("0o014"));
+        assert!(permissions_are_readonly("0o015"));
+
+        assert!(!permissions_are_readonly("0o214"));
+        assert!(!permissions_are_readonly("0o024"));
+        assert!(!permissions_are_readonly("0o012"));
+
+        assert!(!permissions_are_readonly("0o315"));
+        assert!(!permissions_are_readonly("0o065"));
+        assert!(!permissions_are_readonly("0o017"));
+    }
+}
-- 
2.34.1