Re: [PATCH v7 00/12] Multigenerational LRU Framework

From: Vaibhav Jain
Date: Thu Mar 03 2022 - 01:08:42 EST

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In a synthetic MongoDB Benchmark (YCSB) seeing an average of ~19% throughput
improvement on POWER10(Radix MMU + 64K Page Size) with MGLRU patches on
top of v5.16 kernel for MongoDB + YCSB bench across three different
request distriburions namely Exponential,Uniform and Zipfan

Test-Results
============

Average YCSB reported throughput (95% Confidence Interval):
|---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------|
| Kernel-Type | Exponential | Uniform | Zipfan |
|---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------|
| Base Kernel (v5.16) | 27324.701 ± 759.652 | 20671.590 ± 412.974 | 37713.761 ± 621.213 |
| v5.16 + MGLRU | 32702.231 ± 287.957 | 24916.239 ± 217.977 | 44308.839 ± 701.829 |
|---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------|
| Speedup | 19.68% ± 4.03% | 20.11% ± 2.95% | 17.49% ± 2.82% |
|---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------|

n = 11 Samples x 3 (Distributions) x 2 (Kernels) = 66 Observations

Test Environment
================
Cpu: POWER10 (architected), altivec supported
platform: pSeries
CPUs: 32
MMU: Radix
Page-Size: 64K
Total-Memory: 64G

Distro
-------
# cat /etc/os-release
NAME="Red Hat Enterprise Linux"
VERSION="8.4 (Ootpa)"
ID="rhel"
ID_LIKE="fedora"
VERSION_ID="8.4"
PLATFORM_ID="platform:el8"
PRETTY_NAME="Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 (Ootpa)"
ANSI_COLOR="0;31"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8.4:GA"
HOME_URL="https://www.redhat.com/";
DOCUMENTATION_URL="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/";
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugzilla.redhat.com/";

REDHAT_BUGZILLA_PRODUCT="Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"
REDHAT_BUGZILLA_PRODUCT_VERSION=8.4
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="Red Hat Enterprise Linux"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION="8.4"

System-config
-------------
# cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
always madvise [never]

# cat /proc/swaps
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-5 partition 10485696 940864 -2

# cat /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
0

#cat /proc/cmdline
<existing parameters> systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1 transparent_hugepage=never

MongoDB data partition
----------------------
lsblk /dev/sdb
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 128G 0 disk <home>/data/mongodb

mount | grep /dev/sdb
/dev/sdb on /root/vajain21/mglru/data/mongodb type ext4 (rw,relatime)

Testing Artifacts
==================

MongoDB-configuration
---------------------
MongoDB Commounity Server built from https://github.com/mongodb/mongo release v5.0.6

# mongod --version
db version v5.0.6
Build Info: {
"version": "5.0.6",
"gitVersion": "212a8dbb47f07427dae194a9c75baec1d81d9259",
"openSSLVersion": "OpenSSL 1.1.1g FIPS 21 Apr 2020",
"modules": [],
"allocator": "tcmalloc",
"environment": {
"distarch": "ppc64le",
"target_arch": "ppc64le"
}
}

# cat /etc/mongod.conf
storage:
dbPath: <home-path>/data/mongodb
journal:
enabled: true
engine: wiredTiger
wiredTiger:
engineConfig:
cacheSizeGB: 50
net:
bindIp: 127.0.0.1
unixDomainSocket:
enabled: true
pathPrefix: /run/mongodb
setParameter:
enableLocalhostAuthBypass: true

YCSB (https://github.com/vaibhav92/YCSB/tree/mongodb-domain-sockets)
--------------------------------------------------------------------

YCSB forked from https://github.com/brianfrankcooper/YCSB.git. This fixes a
problem with YCSB when trying to connect to MongoDB on a unix domain socket. PR
raised to the project at https://github.com/brianfrankcooper/YCSB/pull/1587

Head Commit: fb2555a77005ae70c26e4adc46c945caf4daa2f9(" [core] Generate
classpath from all dependencies rather than just compile scoped")

Kernel-Config
-------------

Base-Kernel: https://github.com/torvalds/linux/ v5.16
Base-Kernel-Config:
https://github.com/vaibhav92/mglru-benchmark/blob/auto_build/config-non-mglru

Test-Kernel: https://linux-mm.googlesource.com/page-reclaim refs/changes/49/1549/1
Test-Kernel-Config:
https://github.com/vaibhav92/mglru-benchmark/blob/auto_build/config-mglru

CONFIG_LRU_GEN=y
CONFIG_LRU_GEN_ENABLED=y
CONFIG_NR_LRU_GENS=4
CONFIG_TIERS_PER_GEN=4

YCSB:
recordcount=80000000
operationcount=80000000
readproportion=0.8
updateproportion=0.2
workload=site.ycsb.workloads.CoreWorkload
threads=64
requestdistributions={uniform, exponential, zipfian}

Test-Bench
===========
Source: https://github.com/vaibhav92/mglru-benchmark/tree/auto_build

Invoked via following command that will *destroy* contents of /dev/sdd
and use it as data disk for MongoDB:

$ export MONGODB_DISK=/dev/sdd; curl \
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vaibhav92/mglru-benchmark/auto_build/build.sh
\ | sudo bash -s

Test-Methodology
================

Setup
-----
1. Pull & Build testing artifact v5.16 Base Kernel, MGLRU Kernel,
MongoDB, YCSB & Qemu for qemu-img tools
2. Format and mount provided MongoDB Data disk with ext4.
3. Generate Systemd service/slice files for MongoDB and place them into /etc/systemd/system/
4. Generate MongoDB configration pointing to the data disk mount.
5. Start the built MongoDB instance.
6. Ensure that MongoDB is running.

Load Test Data
---------------
1. Ensure that MongoDB instance is stopped.
2. Unmount the data disk and reformat it with ext4.
3. Restart MongoDB.
4. Spin off YCSB to load data into the Mongo instance.
5. Stop MongoDB + Unmount data Disk
6. Create a qcow2 image of the data disk and store it with test data.
7. Kexec into base kernel.

Test Phase (Happens at each boot)
---------------------------------
1. Select the distribution to be used for YCSB from
{"Uniform","Exponential","Zipfan"}
2. Restore the MongoDB qcow2 data disk Image to the disk
3. Mount the data disk and restart MongoDB daemon.
4. Start YCSB to generate the workload on MongoDB.
5. Once finished collect results.
6. Kexec into next-kernel which keeps switching between Base-Kernel &
MGLRU-Kernel when all three distriutions have been tested.

Setup and Load Test Data stages can be accomplished by following command:
#export MONGODB_DISK=/dev/sdd; \
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vaibhav92/mglru-benchmark/auto_build/build.sh | bash -s

Once completed successfully it will kexec into the base kernel and start the
Test phase on boot via systemd service named 'mglru-benchmark'

Based on above results,
Tested-by: Vaibhav Jain<vaibhav@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>

Yu Zhao <yuzhao@xxxxxxxxxx> writes:

> What's new
> ==========
> 1) Addressed all the comments received on the mailing list and in the
> meeting with the stakeholders (will note on individual patches).
> 2) Measured the performance improvements for each patch between 5-8
> (reported in the commit messages).
>
> TLDR
> ====
> The current page reclaim is too expensive in terms of CPU usage and it
> often makes poor choices about what to evict. This patchset offers an
> alternative solution that is performant, versatile and straightforward.
>
> Patchset overview
> =================
> The design and implementation overview was moved to patch 12 so that
> people can finish reading this cover letter.
>
> 1. mm: x86, arm64: add arch_has_hw_pte_young()
> 2. mm: x86: add CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_NONLEAF_PMD_YOUNG
> Using hardware optimizations when trying to clear the accessed bit in
> many PTEs.
>
> 3. mm/vmscan.c: refactor shrink_node()
> A minor refactor.
>
> 4. mm: multigenerational LRU: groundwork
> Adding the basic data structure and the functions that insert/remove
> pages to/from the multigenerational LRU (MGLRU) lists.
>
> 5. mm: multigenerational LRU: minimal implementation
> A minimal (functional) implementation without any optimizations.
>
> 6. mm: multigenerational LRU: exploit locality in rmap
> Improving the efficiency when using the rmap.
>
> 7. mm: multigenerational LRU: support page table walks
> Adding the (optional) page table scanning.
>
> 8. mm: multigenerational LRU: optimize multiple memcgs
> Optimizing the overall performance for multiple memcgs running mixed
> types of workloads.
>
> 9. mm: multigenerational LRU: runtime switch
> Adding a runtime switch to enable or disable MGLRU.
>
> 10. mm: multigenerational LRU: thrashing prevention
> 11. mm: multigenerational LRU: debugfs interface
> Providing userspace with additional features like thrashing prevention,
> working set estimation and proactive reclaim.
>
> 12. mm: multigenerational LRU: documentation
> Adding a design doc and an admin guide.
>
> Benchmark results
> =================
> Independent lab results
> -----------------------
> Based on the popularity of searches [01] and the memory usage in
> Google's public cloud, the most popular open-source memory-hungry
> applications, in alphabetical order, are:
> Apache Cassandra Memcached
> Apache Hadoop MongoDB
> Apache Spark PostgreSQL
> MariaDB (MySQL) Redis
>
> An independent lab evaluated MGLRU with the most widely used benchmark
> suites for the above applications. They posted 960 data points along
> with kernel metrics and perf profiles collected over more than 500
> hours of total benchmark time. Their final reports show that, with 95%
> confidence intervals (CIs), the above applications all performed
> significantly better for at least part of their benchmark matrices.
>
> On 5.14:
> 1. Apache Spark [02] took 95% CIs [9.28, 11.19]% and [12.20, 14.93]%
> less wall time to sort three billion random integers, respectively,
> under the medium- and the high-concurrency conditions, when
> overcommitting memory. There were no statistically significant
> changes in wall time for the rest of the benchmark matrix.
> 2. MariaDB [03] achieved 95% CIs [5.24, 10.71]% and [20.22, 25.97]%
> more transactions per minute (TPM), respectively, under the medium-
> and the high-concurrency conditions, when overcommitting memory.
> There were no statistically significant changes in TPM for the rest
> of the benchmark matrix.
> 3. Memcached [04] achieved 95% CIs [23.54, 32.25]%, [20.76, 41.61]%
> and [21.59, 30.02]% more operations per second (OPS), respectively,
> for sequential access, random access and Gaussian (distribution)
> access, when THP=always; 95% CIs [13.85, 15.97]% and
> [23.94, 29.92]% more OPS, respectively, for random access and
> Gaussian access, when THP=never. There were no statistically
> significant changes in OPS for the rest of the benchmark matrix.
> 4. MongoDB [05] achieved 95% CIs [2.23, 3.44]%, [6.97, 9.73]% and
> [2.16, 3.55]% more operations per second (OPS), respectively, for
> exponential (distribution) access, random access and Zipfian
> (distribution) access, when underutilizing memory; 95% CIs
> [8.83, 10.03]%, [21.12, 23.14]% and [5.53, 6.46]% more OPS,
> respectively, for exponential access, random access and Zipfian
> access, when overcommitting memory.
>
> On 5.15:
> 5. Apache Cassandra [06] achieved 95% CIs [1.06, 4.10]%, [1.94, 5.43]%
> and [4.11, 7.50]% more operations per second (OPS), respectively,
> for exponential (distribution) access, random access and Zipfian
> (distribution) access, when swap was off; 95% CIs [0.50, 2.60]%,
> [6.51, 8.77]% and [3.29, 6.75]% more OPS, respectively, for
> exponential access, random access and Zipfian access, when swap was
> on.
> 6. Apache Hadoop [07] took 95% CIs [5.31, 9.69]% and [2.02, 7.86]%
> less average wall time to finish twelve parallel TeraSort jobs,
> respectively, under the medium- and the high-concurrency
> conditions, when swap was on. There were no statistically
> significant changes in average wall time for the rest of the
> benchmark matrix.
> 7. PostgreSQL [08] achieved 95% CI [1.75, 6.42]% more transactions per
> minute (TPM) under the high-concurrency condition, when swap was
> off; 95% CIs [12.82, 18.69]% and [22.70, 46.86]% more TPM,
> respectively, under the medium- and the high-concurrency
> conditions, when swap was on. There were no statistically
> significant changes in TPM for the rest of the benchmark matrix.
> 8. Redis [09] achieved 95% CIs [0.58, 5.94]%, [6.55, 14.58]% and
> [11.47, 19.36]% more total operations per second (OPS),
> respectively, for sequential access, random access and Gaussian
> (distribution) access, when THP=always; 95% CIs [1.27, 3.54]%,
> [10.11, 14.81]% and [8.75, 13.64]% more total OPS, respectively,
> for sequential access, random access and Gaussian access, when
> THP=never.
>
> Our lab results
> ---------------
> To supplement the above results, we ran the following benchmark suites
> on 5.16-rc7 and found no regressions [10]. (These synthetic benchmarks
> are popular among MM developers, but we prefer large-scale A/B
> experiments to validate improvements.)
> fs_fio_bench_hdd_mq pft
> fs_lmbench pgsql-hammerdb
> fs_parallelio redis
> fs_postmark stream
> hackbench sysbenchthread
> kernbench tpcc_spark
> memcached unixbench
> multichase vm-scalability
> mutilate will-it-scale
> nginx
>
> [01] https://trends.google.com
> [02] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20211102002002.92051-1-bot@edi.works/
> [03] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20211009054315.47073-1-bot@edi.works/
> [04] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20211021194103.65648-1-bot@edi.works/
> [05] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20211109021346.50266-1-bot@edi.works/
> [06] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20211202062806.80365-1-bot@edi.works/
> [07] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20211209072416.33606-1-bot@edi.works/
> [08] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20211218071041.24077-1-bot@edi.works/
> [09] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20211122053248.57311-1-bot@edi.works/
> [10] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220104202247.2903702-1-yuzhao@xxxxxxxxxx/
>
> Read-world applications
> =======================
> Third-party testimonials
> ------------------------
> Konstantin wrote [11]:
> I have Archlinux with 8G RAM + zswap + swap. While developing, I
> have lots of apps opened such as multiple LSP-servers for different
> langs, chats, two browsers, etc... Usually, my system gets quickly
> to a point of SWAP-storms, where I have to kill LSP-servers,
> restart browsers to free memory, etc, otherwise the system lags
> heavily and is barely usable.
>
> 1.5 day ago I migrated from 5.11.15 kernel to 5.12 + the LRU
> patchset, and I started up by opening lots of apps to create memory
> pressure, and worked for a day like this. Till now I had *not a
> single SWAP-storm*, and mind you I got 3.4G in SWAP. I was never
> getting to the point of 3G in SWAP before without a single
> SWAP-storm.
>
> An anonymous user wrote [12]:
> Using that v5 for some time and confirm that difference under heavy
> load and memory pressure is significant.
>
> Shuang wrote [13]:
> With the MGLRU, fio achieved 95% CIs [38.95, 40.26]%, [4.12, 6.64]%
> and [9.26, 10.36]% higher throughput, respectively, for random
> access, Zipfian (distribution) access and Gaussian (distribution)
> access, when the average number of jobs per CPU is 1; 95% CIs
> [42.32, 49.15]%, [9.44, 9.89]% and [20.99, 22.86]% higher throughput,
> respectively, for random access, Zipfian access and Gaussian access,
> when the average number of jobs per CPU is 2.
>
> Daniel wrote [14]:
> With memcached allocating ~100GB of byte-addressable Optante,
> performance improvement in terms of throughput (measured as queries
> per second) was about 10% for a series of workloads.
>
> Large-scale deployments
> -----------------------
> The downstream kernels that have been using MGLRU include:
> 1. Android ARCVM [15]
> 2. Arch Linux Zen [16]
> 3. Chrome OS [17]
> 4. Liquorix [18]
> 5. post-factum [19]
> 6. XanMod [20]
>
> We've rolled out MGLRU to tens of millions of Chrome OS users and
> about a million Android users. Google's fleetwide profiling [21] shows
> an overall 40% decrease in kswapd CPU usage, in addition to
> improvements in other UX metrics, e.g., an 85% decrease in the number
> of low-memory kills at the 75th percentile and an 18% decrease in
> rendering latency at the 50th percentile.
>
> [11] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/140226722f2032c86301fbd326d91baefe3d7d23.camel@xxxxxxxxx/
> [12] https://phoronix.com/forums/forum/software/general-linux-open-source/1301258-mglru-is-a-very-enticing-enhancement-for-linux-in-2022?p=1301275#post1301275
> [13] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220105024423.26409-1-szhai2@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/
> [14] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/CA+4-3vksGvKd18FgRinxhqHetBS1hQekJE2gwco8Ja-bJWKtFw@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx/
> [15] https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/third_party/kernel
> [16] https://archlinux.org
> [17] https://chromium.org
> [18] https://liquorix.net
> [19] https://gitlab.com/post-factum/pf-kernel
> [20] https://xanmod.org
> [21] https://research.google/pubs/pub44271/
>
> Summery
> =======
> The facts are:
> 1. The independent lab results and the real-world applications
> indicate substantial improvements; there are no known regressions.
> 2. Thrashing prevention, working set estimation and proactive reclaim
> work out of the box; there are no equivalent solutions.
> 3. There is a lot of new code; nobody has demonstrated smaller changes
> with similar effects.
>
> Our options, accordingly, are:
> 1. Given the amount of evidence, the reported improvements will likely
> materialize for a wide range of workloads.
> 2. Gauging the interest from the past discussions [22][23][24], the
> new features will likely be put to use for both personal computers
> and data centers.
> 3. Based on Google's track record, the new code will likely be well
> maintained in the long term. It'd be more difficult if not
> impossible to achieve similar effects on top of the existing
> design.
>
> [22] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20201005081313.732745-1-andrea.righi@xxxxxxxxxxxxx/
> [23] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20210716081449.22187-1-sj38.park@xxxxxxxxx/
> [24] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20211130201652.2218636d@xxxxxxxxxxxxx/
>
> Yu Zhao (12):
> mm: x86, arm64: add arch_has_hw_pte_young()
> mm: x86: add CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_NONLEAF_PMD_YOUNG
> mm/vmscan.c: refactor shrink_node()
> mm: multigenerational LRU: groundwork
> mm: multigenerational LRU: minimal implementation
> mm: multigenerational LRU: exploit locality in rmap
> mm: multigenerational LRU: support page table walks
> mm: multigenerational LRU: optimize multiple memcgs
> mm: multigenerational LRU: runtime switch
> mm: multigenerational LRU: thrashing prevention
> mm: multigenerational LRU: debugfs interface
> mm: multigenerational LRU: documentation
>
> Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst | 1 +
> Documentation/admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.rst | 121 +
> Documentation/vm/index.rst | 1 +
> Documentation/vm/multigen_lru.rst | 152 +
> arch/Kconfig | 9 +
> arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h | 14 +-
> arch/x86/Kconfig | 1 +
> arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable.h | 9 +-
> arch/x86/mm/pgtable.c | 5 +-
> fs/exec.c | 2 +
> fs/fuse/dev.c | 3 +-
> include/linux/cgroup.h | 15 +-
> include/linux/memcontrol.h | 36 +
> include/linux/mm.h | 8 +
> include/linux/mm_inline.h | 214 ++
> include/linux/mm_types.h | 78 +
> include/linux/mmzone.h | 182 ++
> include/linux/nodemask.h | 1 +
> include/linux/page-flags-layout.h | 19 +-
> include/linux/page-flags.h | 4 +-
> include/linux/pgtable.h | 17 +-
> include/linux/sched.h | 4 +
> include/linux/swap.h | 5 +
> kernel/bounds.c | 3 +
> kernel/cgroup/cgroup-internal.h | 1 -
> kernel/exit.c | 1 +
> kernel/fork.c | 9 +
> kernel/sched/core.c | 1 +
> mm/Kconfig | 50 +
> mm/huge_memory.c | 3 +-
> mm/memcontrol.c | 27 +
> mm/memory.c | 39 +-
> mm/mm_init.c | 6 +-
> mm/page_alloc.c | 1 +
> mm/rmap.c | 7 +
> mm/swap.c | 55 +-
> mm/vmscan.c | 2831 ++++++++++++++++-
> mm/workingset.c | 119 +-
> 38 files changed, 3908 insertions(+), 146 deletions(-)
> create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.rst
> create mode 100644 Documentation/vm/multigen_lru.rst
>
> --
> 2.35.0.263.gb82422642f-goog
>
>

--
Cheers
~ Vaibhav

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