Re: [PATCH v2 3/9] LoongArch/ftrace: Add dynamic function tracer support

From: Jeff Xie
Date: Wed Aug 31 2022 - 23:00:28 EST

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In reply to: Qing Zhang: "[PATCH v2 3/9] LoongArch/ftrace: Add dynamic function tracer support"
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On Fri, Aug 26, 2022 at 4:24 PM Qing Zhang <zhangqing@xxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
>
> The compiler has inserted 2 NOPs before the regular function prologue.
> T series registers are available and safe because of LoongArch psABI.
>
> At runtime, replace nop with bl to enable ftrace call and replace bl with
> nop to disable ftrace call. The bl requires us to save the original RA value,
> so here it saves RA at t0.
> details are:
>
> | Compiled | Disabled | Enabled |
> +------------+------------------------+------------------------+
> | nop | move t0, ra | move t0, ra |
> | nop | nop | bl ftrace_caller |
> | func_body | func_body | func_body |
>
> The RA value will be recovered by ftrace_regs_entry, and restored into RA
> before returning to the regular function prologue. When a function is not
> being traced, the move t0, ra is not harmful.
>
> 1) ftrace_make_call, ftrace_make_nop (in kernel/ftrace.c)
> The two functions turn each recorded call site of filtered functions
> into a call to ftrace_caller or nops.
>
> 2) ftracce_update_ftrace_func (in kernel/ftrace.c)
> turns the nops at ftrace_call into a call to a generic entry for
> function tracers.
>
> 3) ftrace_caller (in kernel/mcount-dyn.S)
> The entry where each _mcount call sites calls to once they are
> filtered to be traced.
>
> Co-developed-by: Jinyang He <hejinyang@xxxxxxxxxxx>
> Signed-off-by: Jinyang He <hejinyang@xxxxxxxxxxx>
> Signed-off-by: Qing Zhang <zhangqing@xxxxxxxxxxx>
> ---
> arch/loongarch/Kconfig | 1 +
> arch/loongarch/include/asm/ftrace.h | 16 ++++
> arch/loongarch/include/asm/inst.h | 33 +++++++++
> arch/loongarch/kernel/Makefile | 5 ++
> arch/loongarch/kernel/entry_dyn.S | 89 ++++++++++++++++++++++
> arch/loongarch/kernel/ftrace_dyn.c | 111 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> arch/loongarch/kernel/inst.c | 92 +++++++++++++++++++++++
> 7 files changed, 347 insertions(+)
> create mode 100644 arch/loongarch/kernel/entry_dyn.S
> create mode 100644 arch/loongarch/kernel/ftrace_dyn.c
>
> diff --git a/arch/loongarch/Kconfig b/arch/loongarch/Kconfig
> index 4d13bac368ed..f2d4899b1a0e 100644
> --- a/arch/loongarch/Kconfig
> +++ b/arch/loongarch/Kconfig
> @@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ config LOONGARCH
> select HAVE_C_RECORDMCOUNT
> select HAVE_DEBUG_STACKOVERFLOW
> select HAVE_DMA_CONTIGUOUS
> + select HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE
> select HAVE_EXIT_THREAD
> select HAVE_FAST_GUP
> select HAVE_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
> diff --git a/arch/loongarch/include/asm/ftrace.h b/arch/loongarch/include/asm/ftrace.h
> index 6a3e76234618..76ca58767f4d 100644
> --- a/arch/loongarch/include/asm/ftrace.h
> +++ b/arch/loongarch/include/asm/ftrace.h
> @@ -10,9 +10,25 @@
> #define MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE 4 /* sizeof mcount call */
>
> #ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
> +#ifndef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE
> extern void _mcount(void);
> #define mcount _mcount
> +#endif
>
> +#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE
> +static inline unsigned long ftrace_call_adjust(unsigned long addr)
> +{
> + return addr;
> +}
> +
> +struct dyn_arch_ftrace {
> +};
> +
> +struct dyn_ftrace;
> +int ftrace_init_nop(struct module *mod, struct dyn_ftrace *rec);
> +#define ftrace_init_nop ftrace_init_nop
> +
> +#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE */
> #endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
> #endif /* CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER */
> #endif /* _ASM_LOONGARCH_FTRACE_H */
> diff --git a/arch/loongarch/include/asm/inst.h b/arch/loongarch/include/asm/inst.h
> index 7b07cbb3188c..713b4996bfac 100644
> --- a/arch/loongarch/include/asm/inst.h
> +++ b/arch/loongarch/include/asm/inst.h
> @@ -8,6 +8,9 @@
> #include <linux/types.h>
> #include <asm/asm.h>
>
> +#define INSN_NOP 0x03400000
> +#define INSN_BREAK 0x002a0000
> +
> #define ADDR_IMMMASK_LU52ID 0xFFF0000000000000
> #define ADDR_IMMMASK_LU32ID 0x000FFFFF00000000
> #define ADDR_IMMMASK_ADDU16ID 0x00000000FFFF0000
> @@ -18,6 +21,11 @@
>
> #define ADDR_IMM(addr, INSN) ((addr & ADDR_IMMMASK_##INSN) >> ADDR_IMMSHIFT_##INSN)
>
> +enum reg0i26_op {
> + b_op = 0x14,
> + bl_op = 0x15,
> +};
> +
> enum reg1i20_op {
> lu12iw_op = 0x0a,
> lu32id_op = 0x0b,
> @@ -32,6 +40,7 @@ enum reg2i12_op {
> addiw_op = 0x0a,
> addid_op = 0x0b,
> lu52id_op = 0x0c,
> + ori_op = 0x0e,
> ldb_op = 0xa0,
> ldh_op = 0xa1,
> ldw_op = 0xa2,
> @@ -52,6 +61,10 @@ enum reg2i16_op {
> bgeu_op = 0x1b,
> };
>
> +enum reg3_op {
> + or_op = 0x2a,
> +};
> +
> struct reg0i26_format {
> unsigned int immediate_h : 10;
> unsigned int immediate_l : 16;
> @@ -85,6 +98,13 @@ struct reg2i16_format {
> unsigned int opcode : 6;
> };
>
> +struct reg3_format {
> + unsigned int rd : 5;
> + unsigned int rj : 5;
> + unsigned int rk : 5;
> + unsigned int opcode : 17;
> +};
> +
> union loongarch_instruction {
> unsigned int word;
> struct reg0i26_format reg0i26_format;
> @@ -92,6 +112,7 @@ union loongarch_instruction {
> struct reg1i21_format reg1i21_format;
> struct reg2i12_format reg2i12_format;
> struct reg2i16_format reg2i16_format;
> + struct reg3_format reg3_format;
> };
>
> #define LOONGARCH_INSN_SIZE sizeof(union loongarch_instruction)
> @@ -162,6 +183,18 @@ static inline bool is_stack_alloc_ins(union loongarch_instruction *ip)
> is_imm12_negative(ip->reg2i12_format.immediate);
> }
>
> +int larch_insn_read(void *addr, u32 *insnp);
> +int larch_insn_write(void *addr, u32 insn);
> +int larch_insn_patch_text(void *addr, u32 insn);
> +
> +u32 larch_insn_gen_nop(void);
> +u32 larch_insn_gen_b(unsigned long pc, unsigned long dest);
> +u32 larch_insn_gen_bl(unsigned long pc, unsigned long dest);
> +
> +u32 larch_insn_gen_or(enum loongarch_gpr rd, enum loongarch_gpr rj,
> + enum loongarch_gpr rk);
> +u32 larch_insn_gen_move(enum loongarch_gpr rd, enum loongarch_gpr rj);
> +
> u32 larch_insn_gen_lu32id(enum loongarch_gpr rd, int imm);
> u32 larch_insn_gen_lu52id(enum loongarch_gpr rd, enum loongarch_gpr rj, int imm);
> u32 larch_insn_gen_jirl(enum loongarch_gpr rd, enum loongarch_gpr rj, unsigned long pc, unsigned long dest);
> diff --git a/arch/loongarch/kernel/Makefile b/arch/loongarch/kernel/Makefile
> index 0a745d24d3e5..a73599619466 100644
> --- a/arch/loongarch/kernel/Makefile
> +++ b/arch/loongarch/kernel/Makefile
> @@ -15,8 +15,13 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_EFI) += efi.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_CPU_HAS_FPU) += fpu.o
>
> ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER
> + ifndef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE
> obj-y += mcount.o ftrace.o
> CFLAGS_REMOVE_ftrace.o = $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE)
> + else
> + obj-y += entry_dyn.o ftrace_dyn.o
> + CFLAGS_REMOVE_ftrace_dyn.o = $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE)
> + endif
> CFLAGS_REMOVE_inst.o = $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE)
> CFLAGS_REMOVE_time.o = $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE)
> CFLAGS_REMOVE_perf_event.o = $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE)
> diff --git a/arch/loongarch/kernel/entry_dyn.S b/arch/loongarch/kernel/entry_dyn.S
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..205925bc3822
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/arch/loongarch/kernel/entry_dyn.S
> @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
> +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
> +/*
> + * Copyright (C) 2022 Loongson Technology Corporation Limited
> + */
> +
> +#include <asm/export.h>
> +#include <asm/regdef.h>
> +#include <asm/stackframe.h>
> +#include <asm/ftrace.h>
> +
> + .text
> +/*
> + * Due to -fpatchable-function-entry=2: the compiler inserted 2 NOPs before the
> + * regular C function prologue. When PC arrived here, the last 2 instructions
> + * as follows,
> + * move t0, ra
> + * bl callsite (for modules, callsite is a tramplione)
> + *
> + * modules tramplione as follows,
> + * lu12i.w t1, callsite[31:12]
> + * lu32i.d t1, callsite[51:32]
> + * lu52i.d t1, t1, callsite[63:52]
> + * jirl zero, t1, callsite[11:0] >> 2
> + *
> + * See arch/loongarch/kernel/ftrace_dyn.c for details. Here, pay attention to
> + * that the T series regs are available and safe because each C functions
> + * follows the LoongArch psABI well.
> + */
> +
> + .macro ftrace_regs_entry
> + PTR_ADDI sp, sp, -PT_SIZE
> + /* Save trace function ra at PT_ERA */
> + PTR_S ra, sp, PT_ERA
> + /* Save parent ra at PT_R1(RA) */
> + PTR_S t0, sp, PT_R1
> + PTR_S a0, sp, PT_R4
> + PTR_S a1, sp, PT_R5
> + PTR_S a2, sp, PT_R6
> + PTR_S a3, sp, PT_R7
> + PTR_S a4, sp, PT_R8
> + PTR_S a5, sp, PT_R9
> + PTR_S a6, sp, PT_R10
> + PTR_S a7, sp, PT_R11
> + PTR_S fp, sp, PT_R22
> +
> + PTR_ADDI t8, sp, PT_SIZE
> + PTR_S t8, sp, PT_R3
> +
> + .endm
> +
> +SYM_CODE_START(ftrace_caller)
> + ftrace_regs_entry
> + b ftrace_common
> +SYM_CODE_END(ftrace_caller)
> +
> +SYM_CODE_START(ftrace_common)
> + PTR_ADDI a0, ra, -8 /* arg0: ip */
> + move a1, t0 /* arg1: parent_ip */
> + la.pcrel t1, function_trace_op
> + PTR_L a2, t1, 0 /* arg2: op */
> + move a3, sp /* arg3: regs */
> + .globl ftrace_call
> +ftrace_call:
> + bl ftrace_stub
> +/*
> + * As we didn't use S series regs in this assmembly code and all calls
> + * are C function which will save S series regs by themselves, there is
> + * no need to restore S series regs. The T series is available and safe
> + * at the callsite, so there is no need to restore the T series regs.
> + */
> +ftrace_common_return:
> + PTR_L a0, sp, PT_R4
> + PTR_L a1, sp, PT_R5
> + PTR_L a2, sp, PT_R6
> + PTR_L a3, sp, PT_R7
> + PTR_L a4, sp, PT_R8
> + PTR_L a5, sp, PT_R9
> + PTR_L a6, sp, PT_R10
> + PTR_L a7, sp, PT_R11
> + PTR_L fp, sp, PT_R22
> + PTR_L ra, sp, PT_R1
> + PTR_L t0, sp, PT_ERA
> + PTR_ADDI sp, sp, PT_SIZE
> + jr t0
> +SYM_CODE_END(ftrace_common)
> +
> +SYM_FUNC_START(ftrace_stub)
> + jr ra
> +SYM_FUNC_END(ftrace_stub)
> diff --git a/arch/loongarch/kernel/ftrace_dyn.c b/arch/loongarch/kernel/ftrace_dyn.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..1f8955be8b64
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/arch/loongarch/kernel/ftrace_dyn.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +/*
> + * Based on arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c
> + *
> + * Copyright (C) 2022 Loongson Technology Corporation Limited
> + */
> +
> +#include <linux/ftrace.h>
> +#include <linux/uaccess.h>
> +
> +#include <asm/inst.h>
> +
> +static int ftrace_modify_code(unsigned long pc, u32 old, u32 new,
> + bool validate)
> +{
> + u32 replaced;
> +
> + if (validate) {
> + if (larch_insn_read((void *)pc, &replaced))
> + return -EFAULT;
> +
> + if (replaced != old)
> + return -EINVAL;
> + }
> +
> + if (larch_insn_patch_text((void *)pc, new))
> + return -EPERM;
> +
> + return 0;
> +}
> +
> +int ftrace_update_ftrace_func(ftrace_func_t func)
> +{
> + unsigned long pc;
> + u32 new;
> +
> + pc = (unsigned long)&ftrace_call;
> + new = larch_insn_gen_bl(pc, (unsigned long)func);
> +
> + return ftrace_modify_code(pc, 0, new, false);
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * The compiler has inserted 2 NOPs before the regular function prologue.
> + * T series registers are available and safe because of LoongArch psABI.
> + *
> + * At runtime, replace nop with bl to enable ftrace call and replace bl with
> + * nop to disable ftrace call. The bl requires us to save the original RA value,
> + * so here it saves RA at t0.
> + * details are:
> + *
> + * | Compiled | Disabled | Enabled |
> + * +------------+------------------------+------------------------+
> + * | nop | move t0, ra | move t0, ra |
> + * | nop | nop | bl ftrace_caller |
> + * | func_body | func_body | func_body |
> + *
> + * The RA value will be recovered by ftrace_regs_entry, and restored into RA
> + * before returning to the regular function prologue. When a function is not
> + * being traced, the move t0, ra is not harmful.
> + */
> +
> +int ftrace_init_nop(struct module *mod, struct dyn_ftrace *rec)
> +{
> + unsigned long pc;
> + u32 old, new;
> +
> + pc = rec->ip;
> + old = larch_insn_gen_nop();
> + new = larch_insn_gen_move(LOONGARCH_GPR_T0, LOONGARCH_GPR_RA);
> +
> + return ftrace_modify_code(pc, old, new, true);
> +}
> +
> +int ftrace_make_call(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long addr)
> +{
> + unsigned long pc;
> + u32 old, new;
> +
> + pc = rec->ip + LOONGARCH_INSN_SIZE;
> +
> + old = larch_insn_gen_nop();
> + new = larch_insn_gen_bl(pc, addr);
> +
> + return ftrace_modify_code(pc, old, new, true);
> +}
> +
> +int ftrace_make_nop(struct module *mod, struct dyn_ftrace *rec,
> + unsigned long addr)
> +{
> + unsigned long pc;
> + u32 old, new;
> +
> + pc = rec->ip + LOONGARCH_INSN_SIZE;
> +
> + new = larch_insn_gen_nop();
> + old = larch_insn_gen_bl(pc, addr);
> +
> + return ftrace_modify_code(pc, old, new, true);
> +}
> +
> +void arch_ftrace_update_code(int command)
> +{
> + command |= FTRACE_MAY_SLEEP;
> + ftrace_modify_all_code(command);
> +}
> +
> +int __init ftrace_dyn_arch_init(void)
> +{
> + return 0;
> +}
> diff --git a/arch/loongarch/kernel/inst.c b/arch/loongarch/kernel/inst.c
> index b1df0ec34bd1..d62cdf4a9ffb 100644
> --- a/arch/loongarch/kernel/inst.c
> +++ b/arch/loongarch/kernel/inst.c
> @@ -2,8 +2,83 @@
> /*
> * Copyright (C) 2020-2022 Loongson Technology Corporation Limited
> */
> +#include <linux/sizes.h>
> +#include <linux/uaccess.h>
> +
> +#include <asm/cacheflush.h>
> #include <asm/inst.h>
>
> +static DEFINE_RAW_SPINLOCK(patch_lock);
> +
> +int larch_insn_read(void *addr, u32 *insnp)
> +{
> + int ret;
> + u32 val;
> +
> + ret = copy_from_kernel_nofault(&val, addr, LOONGARCH_INSN_SIZE);
> + if (!ret)
> + *insnp = val;
> +
> + return ret;
> +}
> +
> +int larch_insn_write(void *addr, u32 insn)
> +{
> + int ret;
> + unsigned long flags = 0;
> +
> + raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&patch_lock, flags);
> + ret = copy_to_kernel_nofault(addr, &insn, LOONGARCH_INSN_SIZE);
> + raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&patch_lock, flags);
> +
> + return ret;
> +}
> +
> +int larch_insn_patch_text(void *addr, u32 insn)
> +{
> + int ret;
> + u32 *tp = addr;
> +
> + if ((unsigned long)tp & 3)
> + return -EINVAL;
> +
> + ret = larch_insn_write(tp, insn);
> + if (!ret)
> + flush_icache_range((unsigned long)tp,
> + (unsigned long)tp + LOONGARCH_INSN_SIZE);
> +
> + return ret;
> +}
> +
> +u32 larch_insn_gen_nop(void)
> +{
> + return INSN_NOP;
> +}
> +
> +u32 larch_insn_gen_bl(unsigned long pc, unsigned long dest)
> +{
> + unsigned int immediate_l, immediate_h;
> + union loongarch_instruction insn;
> + long offset = dest - pc;
> +
> + if ((offset & 3) || offset < -SZ_128M || offset >= SZ_128M) {
> + pr_warn("The generated bl instruction is out of range.\n");
> + return INSN_BREAK;
> + }
> +
> + offset >>= 2;
> +
> + immediate_l = offset & 0xffff;
> + offset >>= 16;
> + immediate_h = offset & 0x3ff;
> +
> + insn.reg0i26_format.opcode = bl_op;
> + insn.reg0i26_format.immediate_l = immediate_l;
> + insn.reg0i26_format.immediate_h = immediate_h;
> +
> + return insn.word;
> +}
> +
> u32 larch_insn_gen_lu32id(enum loongarch_gpr rd, int imm)
> {
> union loongarch_instruction insn;
> @@ -38,3 +113,20 @@ u32 larch_insn_gen_jirl(enum loongarch_gpr rd, enum loongarch_gpr rj, unsigned l
>
> return insn.word;
> }
> +
> +u32 larch_insn_gen_or(enum loongarch_gpr rd, enum loongarch_gpr rj, enum loongarch_gpr rk)
> +{
> + union loongarch_instruction insn;
> +
> + insn.reg3_format.opcode = or_op;
> + insn.reg3_format.rd = rd;
> + insn.reg3_format.rj = rj;
> + insn.reg3_format.rk = rk;
> +
> + return insn.word;
> +}
> +
> +u32 larch_insn_gen_move(enum loongarch_gpr rd, enum loongarch_gpr rj)
> +{
> + return larch_insn_gen_or(rd, rj, 0);
> +}
> --
> 2.20.1
>

When use the option func_stack_trace for the function tracer, I found a issue:

Steps:
1. Enable the function tracer and the option func_stack_trace:

/sys/kernel/tracing # echo blk_update_request > ./set_ftrace_filter
/sys/kernel/tracing # echo 1 > ./options/func_stack_trace
/sys/kernel/tracing # echo function > ./current_tracer

2. Let the blk_update_request() be called.

# mount /dev/vda /tmp

3. cat ./trace
<idle>-0 [000] ..s1. 126.016445: blk_update_request
<-blk_mq_end_request
<idle>-0 [000] ..s1. 126.017937: <stack trace>
=> blk_mq_end_request

We can see only one stack trace.

I found the default unwinder(for loongson3_defconfig) is
CONFIG_UNWINDER_PROLOGUE, if switch it to CONFIG_UNWINDER_GUESS
it works well:

3. cat ./trace
<idle>-0 [000] ..s1. 75.003356: blk_update_request
<-blk_mq_end_request
<idle>-0 [000] ..s1. 75.004963: <stack trace>
=> function_stack_trace_call
=> ftrace_graph_call
=> blk_mq_end_request
=> virtblk_done
=> vring_interrupt
=> __handle_irq_event_percpu
=> blk_update_request
=> handle_edge_irq
=> blk_complete_reqs
=> __do_softirq
=> irq_exit_rcu
=> do_vint
=> finish_task_switch.isra.0
=> schedule
=> finish_task_switch.isra.0
=> schedule_idle
=> __schedule
=> tick_nohz_restart
=> schedule_idle
=> cpu_startup_entry
=> kernel_init
=> arch_post_acpi_subsys_init
=> start_kernel
=> smpboot_entry

Maybe the issue happened on the CONFIG_UNWINDER_PROLOGUE, but I
haven't dug deep into it ;)

--
Thanks,
JeffXie

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