Re: [PATCH] riscv: Fix build with CONFIG_CC_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE=y

From: Atish Patra
Date: Tue Oct 04 2022 - 12:53:08 EST

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On Sat, Oct 1, 2022 at 1:13 PM Conor Dooley <conor@xxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
>
> On Wed, Sep 28, 2022 at 08:26:01PM -0700, Atish Patra wrote:
> > On Wed, Sep 28, 2022 at 2:16 PM Conor Dooley <conor@xxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
> > >
> > > On Wed, Sep 28, 2022 at 12:21:55AM -0700, Atish Patra wrote:
> > > > On Sat, Sep 24, 2022 at 4:15 PM Conor Dooley <conor@xxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > On Fri, Sep 23, 2022 at 11:01:28AM -0700, Atish Patra wrote:
> > > > > > On Fri, Sep 23, 2022 at 12:18 AM Heiko Stuebner <heiko@xxxxxxxxx> wrote:
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > Hi,
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > Am Donnerstag, 22. September 2022, 17:52:46 CEST schrieb Jessica Clarke:
> > > > > > > > On 22 Sept 2022, at 16:45, Heiko Stuebner <heiko@xxxxxxxxx> wrote:
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > Am Donnerstag, 22. September 2022, 08:09:58 CEST schrieb Samuel Holland:
> > > > > > > > >> commit 8eb060e10185 ("arch/riscv: add Zihintpause support") broke
> > > > > > > > >> building with CONFIG_CC_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE enabled (gcc 11.1.0):
> > > > > > > > >>
> > > > > > > > >> CC arch/riscv/kernel/vdso/vgettimeofday.o
> > > > > > > > >> In file included from <command-line>:
> > > > > > > > >> ./arch/riscv/include/asm/jump_label.h: In function 'cpu_relax':
> > > > > > > > >> ././include/linux/compiler_types.h:285:33: warning: 'asm' operand 0 probably does not match constraints
> > > > > > > > >> 285 | #define asm_volatile_goto(x...) asm goto(x)
> > > > > > > > >> | ^~~
> > > > > > > > >> ./arch/riscv/include/asm/jump_label.h:41:9: note: in expansion of macro 'asm_volatile_goto'
> > > > > > > > >> 41 | asm_volatile_goto(
> > > > > > > > >> | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > > > > > > > >> ././include/linux/compiler_types.h:285:33: error: impossible constraint in 'asm'
> > > > > > > > >> 285 | #define asm_volatile_goto(x...) asm goto(x)
> > > > > > > > >> | ^~~
> > > > > > > > >> ./arch/riscv/include/asm/jump_label.h:41:9: note: in expansion of macro 'asm_volatile_goto'
> > > > > > > > >> 41 | asm_volatile_goto(
> > > > > > > > >> | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > > > > > > > >> make[1]: *** [scripts/Makefile.build:249: arch/riscv/kernel/vdso/vgettimeofday.o] Error 1
> > > > > > > > >> make: *** [arch/riscv/Makefile:128: vdso_prepare] Error 2
> > > > > > > > >>
> > > > > > > > >> Having a static branch in cpu_relax() is problematic because that
> > > > > > > > >> function is widely inlined, including in some quite complex functions
> > > > > > > > >> like in the VDSO. A quick measurement shows this static branch is
> > > > > > > > >> responsible by itself for around 40% of the jump table.
> > > > > > > > >>
> > > > > > > > >> Drop the static branch, which ends up being the same number of
> > > > > > > > >> instructions anyway. If Zihintpause is supported, we trade the nop from
> > > > > > > > >> the static branch for a div. If Zihintpause is unsupported, we trade the
> > > > > > > > >> jump from the static branch for (what gets interpreted as) a nop.
> > > > > > > > >>
> > > > > > > > >> Fixes: 8eb060e10185 ("arch/riscv: add Zihintpause support")
> > > > > > > > >> Signed-off-by: Samuel Holland <samuel@xxxxxxxxxxxx>
> > > > > > > > >> ---
> > > > > > > > >>
> > > > > > > > >> arch/riscv/include/asm/hwcap.h | 3 ---
> > > > > > > > >> arch/riscv/include/asm/vdso/processor.h | 25 ++++++++++---------------
> > > > > > > > >> 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
> > > > > > > > >>
> > > > > > > > >> diff --git a/arch/riscv/include/asm/hwcap.h b/arch/riscv/include/asm/hwcap.h
> > > > > > > > >> index 6f59ec64175e..b21d46e68386 100644
> > > > > > > > >> --- a/arch/riscv/include/asm/hwcap.h
> > > > > > > > >> +++ b/arch/riscv/include/asm/hwcap.h
> > > > > > > > >> @@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ enum riscv_isa_ext_id {
> > > > > > > > >> */
> > > > > > > > >> enum riscv_isa_ext_key {
> > > > > > > > >> RISCV_ISA_EXT_KEY_FPU, /* For 'F' and 'D' */
> > > > > > > > >> - RISCV_ISA_EXT_KEY_ZIHINTPAUSE,
> > > > > > > > >> RISCV_ISA_EXT_KEY_MAX,
> > > > > > > > >> };
> > > > > > > > >>
> > > > > > > > >> @@ -88,8 +87,6 @@ static __always_inline int riscv_isa_ext2key(int num)
> > > > > > > > >> return RISCV_ISA_EXT_KEY_FPU;
> > > > > > > > >> case RISCV_ISA_EXT_d:
> > > > > > > > >> return RISCV_ISA_EXT_KEY_FPU;
> > > > > > > > >> - case RISCV_ISA_EXT_ZIHINTPAUSE:
> > > > > > > > >> - return RISCV_ISA_EXT_KEY_ZIHINTPAUSE;
> > > > > > > > >> default:
> > > > > > > > >> return -EINVAL;
> > > > > > > > >> }
> > > > > > > > >> diff --git a/arch/riscv/include/asm/vdso/processor.h b/arch/riscv/include/asm/vdso/processor.h
> > > > > > > > >> index 1e4f8b4aef79..789bdb8211a2 100644
> > > > > > > > >> --- a/arch/riscv/include/asm/vdso/processor.h
> > > > > > > > >> +++ b/arch/riscv/include/asm/vdso/processor.h
> > > > > > > > >> @@ -4,30 +4,25 @@
> > > > > > > > >>
> > > > > > > > >> #ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
> > > > > > > > >>
> > > > > > > > >> -#include <linux/jump_label.h>
> > > > > > > > >> #include <asm/barrier.h>
> > > > > > > > >> -#include <asm/hwcap.h>
> > > > > > > > >>
> > > > > > > > >> static inline void cpu_relax(void)
> > > > > > > > >> {
> > > > > > > > >> - if (!static_branch_likely(&riscv_isa_ext_keys[RISCV_ISA_EXT_KEY_ZIHINTPAUSE])) {
> > > > > > > > >> #ifdef __riscv_muldiv
> > > > > > > > >> - int dummy;
> > > > > > > > >> - /* In lieu of a halt instruction, induce a long-latency stall. */
> > > > > > > > >> - __asm__ __volatile__ ("div %0, %0, zero" : "=r" (dummy));
> > > > > > > > >> + int dummy;
> > > > > > > > >> + /* In lieu of a halt instruction, induce a long-latency stall. */
> > > > > > > > >> + __asm__ __volatile__ ("div %0, %0, zero" : "=r" (dummy));
> > > > > > > > >> #endif
> > > > > > > > >> - } else {
> > > > > > > > >> - /*
> > > > > > > > >> - * Reduce instruction retirement.
> > > > > > > > >> - * This assumes the PC changes.
> > > > > > > > >> - */
> > > > > > > > >> + /*
> > > > > > > > >> + * Reduce instruction retirement.
> > > > > > > > >> + * This assumes the PC changes.
> > > > > > > > >> + */
> > > > > > > > >> #ifdef __riscv_zihintpause
> > > > > > > > >> - __asm__ __volatile__ ("pause");
> > > > > > > > >> + __asm__ __volatile__ ("pause");
> > > > > > > > >> #else
> > > > > > > > >> - /* Encoding of the pause instruction */
> > > > > > > > >> - __asm__ __volatile__ (".4byte 0x100000F");
> > > > > > > > >> + /* Encoding of the pause instruction */
> > > > > > > > >> + __asm__ __volatile__ (".4byte 0x100000F");
> > > > > > > > >> #endif
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > hmm, though before this part of the code was only ever accessed
> > > > > > > > > when the zhintpause extension was really available on the running
> > > > > > > > > machine while now the pause instruction is called every time.
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > So I'm just wondering, can't this run into some "illegal instruction"
> > > > > > > > > thingy on machines not supporting the extension?
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > No. The encoding for pause was deliberately chosen to be one of the
> > > > > > > > “useless” encodings of fence, with the hope that existing
> > > > > > > > microarchitectures might take a while to execute it and thus it would
> > > > > > > > still function as a slow-running instruction. It’s somewhat
> > > > > > > > questionable whether the div is even needed, the worst that happens is
> > > > > > > > cpu_relax isn’t very relaxed and you spin a bit faster. Any
> > > > > > > > implementations where that’s true probably also don’t have fancy
> > > > > > > > clock/power management anyway, and div isn’t going to be a low-power
> > > > > > > > operation so the only real effect is likely hammering on contended
> > > > > > > > atomics a bit more, and who cares about that on the low core count
> > > > > > > > systems we have today.
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > thanks a lot for that explanation, which made things a lot clearer.
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > So as you said, dropping the div part might make the function even smaller,
> > > > > > > though somehow part of me would want to add some sort of comment to
> > > > > > > the function for when the next developer stumbles over the unconditional
> > > > > > > use of pause :-) .
> > > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I agree. If that's what microarch will do, we can drop div altogether.
> > > > > > Though microarch may be treated as nop even if it is undesirable.
> > > > > > IIRC, the div was introduced for the rocket chip which would induce a
> > > > > > long latency stall with div instruction (zero as operands).
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Does any other core or newer rocket chip actually induce a latency
> > > > > > stall with div instruction ?
> > > > > > If not, it is equivalent to NOP as well. We can definitely remove the div.
> > > > > > The only cores affected will be the older rocket core.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Tagging some folks to understand what their core does.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > @Paul Walmsley @Guo Ren @Conor Dooley ?
> > > > >
> > > > > I am no microarch expert by _any_ stretch of the imagination, but
> > > > > from a quick experiment it looks like the u54s on PolarFire SoC behave
> > > > > in the same way, and div w/ zero operands does in fact take significantly
> > > > > longer than regular division (looks to be about 3x).
> > > > >
> > > >
> > > > Thanks. Do you have any data on how much the "pause" instruction takes.
> > >
> > > So these numbers you may consider as being pulled out of a magic hat
> > > as all I am doing is reading the counters from userspace and there is
> > > some variance etc. Plus the fact that I just started hacking at some
> > > existing code I had lying around as I'm pretty snowed under at the
> > > moment.
> > >
> > > Doing the following takes about 70 cycles on both a PolarFire SoC and an
> > > unmatched:
> > > long divisor = 2, dividend = 100000, dest;
> > > asm("div %0, zero, zero" : "=r" (dest));
> > > and equates to:
> > > sd a5,-48(s0)
> > > div a5,zero,zero
> > >
> > > Clocking in at about 40 cycles is some actual divisions, I just did the
> > > following a dozen times, doing a trivial computation:
> > > long divisor = 2, dividend = 100000, dest;
> > > asm("div %0, %1, %2" : "=r" (dividend) : "r" (dividend), "r" (divisor))
> > >
> > > ie, a load of the following:
> > > sd a5,-48(s0)
> > > ld a5,-48(s0)
> > > ld a4,-40(s0)
> > > div a5,a5,a4
> > >
> > > So clearly the div w/ zero args makes a difference...
> > >
> > > On PolarFire SoC, `0x100000F` takes approx 6 cycles. On my unmatched, it
> > > takes approx 40. Again, I just had an asm block & called the instruction
> > > a number times and took the average - here it was 48 times.
> > >
> > > Take the actual numbers with a fist full of salt, but at least the
> > > relative numbers should be of some use to you.
> > >
> > > Hope that's somewhat helpful, maybe next week I can do something a
> > > little more useful for you...
> > >
> >
> > Thanks. It would be good to understand what happens when "pause" is
> > executed on these boards ?
>
> The actual pause instruction? uhh, so with the usual "I don't know what
> I am doing" disclaimer, I ran each of the .insn and pause instruction 48
> times in a row and checked the time elapsed via rdcycle & then ran that
> c program 1000 times in a bash loop. Got the below, the insns were run
> first and then the pauses.
> insn pause
> min 2.3 3.2
> max 9.5 10.6
> avg 27.0 29.1
> 5% 2.9 4.2
> 95% 18.1 19.1
>
> Swapping the pause & insn order around made a minor difference, but not
> enough to report on. I'd be very wary of drawing any real conclusions
> from this data, but at least both are roughly similar (and certainly not
> even close to doing the div w/ zero args.
>

Yeah. That's what I was expecting. So we can't drop the div for now. Otherwise,
the existing hardware(don't support Zhintpause) suffers by spinning faster.

Thanks for running the experiments.

> Again, hope that is helpful?
> Conor.
>
> >
> > > Conor.
> > >
> > > > I understand that it is not available in these cores. Just wanted to
> > > > understand if microarchitecture
> > > > actually takes a while executing the useless encoding as pointed out by Jessica.
> > > >
> > > > If that's the case, we can remove the div instruction altogether.
> > > > Otherwise, this patch will cause some performance regression
> > > > for existing SoC (HiFive unleashed has the same core. Not sure about
> > > > unmatched though).
> > > > This needs to be documented at least.
> > > >
> > > > > Hope that's helpful,
> > > > > Conor.
> > > > >
> > > > > (I just did a quick check of what pretty much amounted to a bunch of
> > > > > div a5,zero,zero in a row versus div a5,a5,a5)
> > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > (Please add anybody who may have an insight to execution flow on
> > > > > > existing Linux capable cores)
> > > > > >
>

--
Regards,
Atish

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