[PATCH v27 0/6] Implement IOCTL to get and optionally clear info about PTEs

[Muhammad Usama Anjum]

*Changes in v27:*
- Handle review comments and minor improvements
- Add performance improvement patch on top with test for easy review

*Changes in v26:*
- Code re-structurring and API changes in PAGEMAP_IOCTL

*Changes in v25*:
- Do proper filtering on hole as well (hole got missed earlier)

*Changes in v24*:
- Rebase on top of next-20230710
- Place WP markers in case of hole as well

*Changes in v23*:
- Set vec_buf_index in loop only when vec_buf_index is set
- Return -EFAULT instead of -EINVAL if vec is NULL
- Correctly return the walk ending address to the page granularity

*Changes in v22*:
- Interface change:
  - Replace [start start + len) with [start, end)
  - Return the ending address of the address walk in start

*Changes in v21*:
- Abort walk instead of returning error if WP is to be performed on
  partial hugetlb

*Changes in v20*
- Correct PAGE_IS_FILE and add PAGE_IS_PFNZERO

*Changes in v19*
- Minor changes and interface updates

*Changes in v18*
- Rebase on top of next-20230613
- Minor updates

*Changes in v17*
- Rebase on top of next-20230606
- Minor improvements in PAGEMAP_SCAN IOCTL patch

*Changes in v16*
- Fix a corner case
- Add exclusive PM_SCAN_OP_WP back

*Changes in v15*
- Build fix (Add missed build fix in RESEND)

*Changes in v14*
- Fix build error caused by #ifdef added at last minute in some configs

*Changes in v13*
- Rebase on top of next-20230414
- Give-up on using uffd_wp_range() and write new helpers, flush tlb only
  once

*Changes in v12*
- Update and other memory types to UFFD_FEATURE_WP_ASYNC
- Rebaase on top of next-20230406
- Review updates

*Changes in v11*
- Rebase on top of next-20230307
- Base patches on UFFD_FEATURE_WP_UNPOPULATED
- Do a lot of cosmetic changes and review updates
- Remove ENGAGE_WP + !GET operation as it can be performed with
  UFFDIO_WRITEPROTECT

*Changes in v10*
- Add specific condition to return error if hugetlb is used with wp
  async
- Move changes in tools/include/uapi/linux/fs.h to separate patch
- Add documentation

*Changes in v9:*
- Correct fault resolution for userfaultfd wp async
- Fix build warnings and errors which were happening on some configs
- Simplify pagemap ioctl's code

*Changes in v8:*
- Update uffd async wp implementation
- Improve PAGEMAP_IOCTL implementation

*Changes in v7:*
- Add uffd wp async
- Update the IOCTL to use uffd under the hood instead of soft-dirty
  flags

*Motivation*
The real motivation for adding PAGEMAP_SCAN IOCTL is to emulate Windows
GetWriteWatch() and ResetWriteWatch() syscalls [1]. The GetWriteWatch()
retrieves the addresses of the pages that are written to in a region of
virtual memory.

This syscall is used in Windows applications and games etc. This syscall is
being emulated in pretty slow manner in userspace. Our purpose is to
enhance the kernel such that we translate it efficiently in a better way.
Currently some out of tree hack patches are being used to efficiently
emulate it in some kernels. We intend to replace those with these patches.
So the whole gaming on Linux can effectively get benefit from this. It
means there would be tons of users of this code.

CRIU use case [2] was mentioned by Andrei and Danylo:
> Use cases for migrating sparse VMAs are binaries sanitized with ASAN,
> MSAN or TSAN [3]. All of these sanitizers produce sparse mappings of
> shadow memory [4]. Being able to migrate such binaries allows to highly
> reduce the amount of work needed to identify and fix post-migration
> crashes, which happen constantly.

Andrei's defines the following uses of this code:
* it is more granular and allows us to track changed pages more
  effectively. The current interface can clear dirty bits for the entire
  process only. In addition, reading info about pages is a separate
  operation. It means we must freeze the process to read information
  about all its pages, reset dirty bits, only then we can start dumping
  pages. The information about pages becomes more and more outdated,
  while we are processing pages. The new interface solves both these
  downsides. First, it allows us to read pte bits and clear the
  soft-dirty bit atomically. It means that CRIU will not need to freeze
  processes to pre-dump their memory. Second, it clears soft-dirty bits
  for a specified region of memory. It means CRIU will have actual info
  about pages to the moment of dumping them.
* The new interface has to be much faster because basic page filtering
  is happening in the kernel. With the old interface, we have to read
  pagemap for each page.

*Implementation Evolution (Short Summary)*
>From the definition of GetWriteWatch(), we feel like kernel's soft-dirty
feature can be used under the hood with some additions like:
* reset soft-dirty flag for only a specific region of memory instead of
clearing the flag for the entire process
* get and clear soft-dirty flag for a specific region atomically

So we decided to use ioctl on pagemap file to read or/and reset soft-dirty
flag. But using soft-dirty flag, sometimes we get extra pages which weren't
even written. They had become soft-dirty because of VMA merging and
VM_SOFTDIRTY flag. This breaks the definition of GetWriteWatch(). We were
able to by-pass this short coming by ignoring VM_SOFTDIRTY until David
reported that mprotect etc messes up the soft-dirty flag while ignoring
VM_SOFTDIRTY [5]. This wasn't happening until [6] got introduced. We
discussed if we can revert these patches. But we could not reach to any
conclusion. So at this point, I made couple of tries to solve this whole
VM_SOFTDIRTY issue by correcting the soft-dirty implementation:
* [7] Correct the bug fixed wrongly back in 2014. It had potential to cause
regression. We left it behind.
* [8] Keep a list of soft-dirty part of a VMA across splits and merges. I
got the reply don't increase the size of the VMA by 8 bytes.

At this point, we left soft-dirty considering it is too much delicate and
userfaultfd [9] seemed like the only way forward. From there onward, we
have been basing soft-dirty emulation on userfaultfd wp feature where
kernel resolves the faults itself when WP_ASYNC feature is used. It was
straight forward to add WP_ASYNC feature in userfautlfd. Now we get only
those pages dirty or written-to which are really written in reality. (PS
There is another WP_UNPOPULATED userfautfd feature is required which is
needed to avoid pre-faulting memory before write-protecting [9].)

All the different masks were added on the request of CRIU devs to create
interface more generic and better.

[1] https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/memoryapi/nf-memoryapi-getwritewatch
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20221014134802.1361436-1-mdanylo@xxxxxxxxxx
[3] https://github.com/google/sanitizers
[4] https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerAlgorithm#64-bit
[5] https://lore.kernel.org/all/bfcae708-db21-04b4-0bbe-712badd03071@xxxxxxxxxx
[6] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20220725142048.30450-1-peterx@xxxxxxxxxx/
[7] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20221122115007.2787017-1-usama.anjum@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
[8] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20221220162606.1595355-1-usama.anjum@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
[9] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230306213925.617814-1-peterx@xxxxxxxxxx
[10] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230125144529.1630917-1-mdanylo@xxxxxxxxxx

* Original Cover letter from v8*
Hello,

Note:
Soft-dirty pages and pages which have been written-to are synonyms. As
kernel already has soft-dirty feature inside which we have given up to
use, we are using written-to terminology while using UFFD async WP under
the hood.

It is possible to find and clear soft-dirty pages entirely in userspace.
But it isn't efficient:
- The mprotect and SIGSEGV handler for bookkeeping
- The userfaultfd wp (synchronous) with the handler for bookkeeping

Some benchmarks can be seen here[1]. This series adds features that weren't
present earlier:
- There is no atomic get soft-dirty/Written-to status and clear present in
  the kernel.
- The pages which have been written-to can not be found in accurate way.
  (Kernel's soft-dirty PTE bit + sof_dirty VMA bit shows more soft-dirty
  pages than there actually are.)

Historically, soft-dirty PTE bit tracking has been used in the CRIU
project. The procfs interface is enough for finding the soft-dirty bit
status and clearing the soft-dirty bit of all the pages of a process.
We have the use case where we need to track the soft-dirty PTE bit for
only specific pages on-demand. We need this tracking and clear mechanism
of a region of memory while the process is running to emulate the
getWriteWatch() syscall of Windows.

*(Moved to using UFFD instead of soft-dirty feature to find pages which
have been written-to from v7 patch series)*:
Stop using the soft-dirty flags for finding which pages have been
written to. It is too delicate and wrong as it shows more soft-dirty
pages than the actual soft-dirty pages. There is no interest in
correcting it [2][3] as this is how the feature was written years ago.
It shouldn't be updated to changed behaviour. Peter Xu has suggested
using the async version of the UFFD WP [4] as it is based inherently
on the PTEs.

So in this patch series, I've added a new mode to the UFFD which is
asynchronous version of the write protect. When this variant of the
UFFD WP is used, the page faults are resolved automatically by the
kernel. The pages which have been written-to can be found by reading
pagemap file (!PM_UFFD_WP). This feature can be used successfully to
find which pages have been written to from the time the pages were
write protected. This works just like the soft-dirty flag without
showing any extra pages which aren't soft-dirty in reality.

The information related to pages if the page is file mapped, present and
swapped is required for the CRIU project [5][6]. The addition of the
required mask, any mask, excluded mask and return masks are also required
for the CRIU project [5].

The IOCTL returns the addresses of the pages which match the specific
masks. The page addresses are returned in struct page_region in a compact
form. The max_pages is needed to support a use case where user only wants
to get a specific number of pages. So there is no need to find all the
pages of interest in the range when max_pages is specified. The IOCTL
returns when the maximum number of the pages are found. The max_pages is
optional. If max_pages is specified, it must be equal or greater than the
vec_size. This restriction is needed to handle worse case when one
page_region only contains info of one page and it cannot be compacted.
This is needed to emulate the Windows getWriteWatch() syscall.

The patch series include the detailed selftest which can be used as an
example for the uffd async wp test and PAGEMAP_IOCTL. It shows the
interface usages as well.

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/54d4c322-cd6e-eefd-b161-2af2b56aae24@xxxxxxxxxxxxx/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20221220162606.1595355-1-usama.anjum@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
[3] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20221122115007.2787017-1-usama.anjum@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
[4] https://lore.kernel.org/all/Y6Hc2d+7eTKs7AiH@x1n
[5] https://lore.kernel.org/all/YyiDg79flhWoMDZB@xxxxxxxxx/
[6] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20221014134802.1361436-1-mdanylo@xxxxxxxxxx/

Regards,
Muhammad Usama Anjum

Muhammad Usama Anjum (5):
  fs/proc/task_mmu: Implement IOCTL to get and optionally clear info
    about PTEs
  fs/proc/task_mmu: Add fast paths to get/clear PAGE_IS_WRITTEN flag
  tools headers UAPI: Update linux/fs.h with the kernel sources
  mm/pagemap: add documentation of PAGEMAP_SCAN IOCTL
  selftests: mm: add pagemap ioctl tests

Peter Xu (1):
  userfaultfd: UFFD_FEATURE_WP_ASYNC

 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/pagemap.rst     |   64 +
 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/userfaultfd.rst |   35 +
 fs/proc/task_mmu.c                           |  715 +++++++++
 fs/userfaultfd.c                             |   26 +-
 include/linux/hugetlb.h                      |    1 +
 include/linux/userfaultfd_k.h                |   21 +-
 include/uapi/linux/fs.h                      |   59 +
 include/uapi/linux/userfaultfd.h             |    9 +-
 mm/hugetlb.c                                 |   34 +-
 mm/memory.c                                  |   27 +-
 tools/include/uapi/linux/fs.h                |   59 +
 tools/testing/selftests/mm/.gitignore        |    2 +
 tools/testing/selftests/mm/Makefile          |    3 +-
 tools/testing/selftests/mm/config            |    1 +
 tools/testing/selftests/mm/pagemap_ioctl.c   | 1491 ++++++++++++++++++
 tools/testing/selftests/mm/run_vmtests.sh    |    4 +
 16 files changed, 2527 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/mm/pagemap_ioctl.c

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2.39.2