Re: [RFC PATCH] kprobes: Use synchronize_rcu_tasks_rude in kprobe_optimizer

From: Paul E. McKenney
Date: Sat Jan 27 2024 - 14:22:17 EST

On Tue, Jan 09, 2024 at 07:28:29PM +0800, Yang Jihong wrote:
> Hello,
>
> PING.
>
> I had a similar problem. Is this solution feasible?

Sadly, no.

It fails on CONFIG_PREEMPT=y kernels because synchronize_rcu_tasks_rude()
will not wait on tasks that have been preempted while executing in
a trampoline.

But could you please try out the patch shown at the end of this email?

Thanx, Paul

> Thanks,
> Yang
>
> On 2024/1/2 11:40, Chen Zhongjin wrote:
> > There is a deadlock scenario in kprobe_optimizer():
> >
> > pid A pid B pid C
> > kprobe_optimizer() do_exit() perf_kprobe_init()
> > mutex_lock(&kprobe_mutex) exit_tasks_rcu_start() mutex_lock(&kprobe_mutex)
> > synchronize_rcu_tasks() zap_pid_ns_processes() // waiting kprobe_mutex
> > // waiting tasks_rcu_exit_srcu kernel_wait4()
> > // waiting pid C exit
> >
> > To avoid this deadlock loop, use synchronize_rcu_tasks_rude() in kprobe_optimizer()
> > rather than synchronize_rcu_tasks(). synchronize_rcu_tasks_rude() can also promise
> > that all preempted tasks have scheduled, but it will not wait tasks_rcu_exit_srcu.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Chen Zhongjin <chenzhongjin@xxxxxxxxxx>
> > ---
> > arch/Kconfig | 2 +-
> > kernel/kprobes.c | 2 +-
> > 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
> >
> > diff --git a/arch/Kconfig b/arch/Kconfig
> > index f4b210ab0612..dc6a18854017 100644
> > --- a/arch/Kconfig
> > +++ b/arch/Kconfig
> > @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ config STATIC_CALL_SELFTEST
> > config OPTPROBES
> > def_bool y
> > depends on KPROBES && HAVE_OPTPROBES
> > - select TASKS_RCU if PREEMPTION
> > + select TASKS_RUDE_RCU
> > config KPROBES_ON_FTRACE
> > def_bool y
> > diff --git a/kernel/kprobes.c b/kernel/kprobes.c
> > index d5a0ee40bf66..09056ae50c58 100644
> > --- a/kernel/kprobes.c
> > +++ b/kernel/kprobes.c
> > @@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ static void kprobe_optimizer(struct work_struct *work)
> > * Note that on non-preemptive kernel, this is transparently converted
> > * to synchronoze_sched() to wait for all interrupts to have completed.
> > */
> > - synchronize_rcu_tasks();
> > + synchronize_rcu_tasks_rude();
> > /* Step 3: Optimize kprobes after quiesence period */
> > do_optimize_kprobes();

------------------------------------------------------------------------

commit bc31e6cb27a9334140ff2f0a209d59b08bc0bc8c
Author: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@xxxxxxxxxx>
Date: Sat Jan 20 07:07:08 2024 -0800

rcu-tasks: Eliminate deadlocks involving do_exit() and RCU tasks

Holding a mutex across synchronize_rcu_tasks() and acquiring
that same mutex in code called from do_exit() after its call to
exit_tasks_rcu_start() but before its call to exit_tasks_rcu_stop()
results in deadlock. This is by design, because tasks that are far
enough into do_exit() are no longer present on the tasks list, making
it a bit difficult for RCU Tasks to find them, let alone wait on them
to do a voluntary context switch. However, such deadlocks are becoming
more frequent. In addition, lockdep currently does not detect such
deadlocks and they can be difficult to reproduce.

In addition, if a task voluntarily context switches during that time
(for example, if it blocks acquiring a mutex), then this task is in an
RCU Tasks quiescent state. And with some adjustments, RCU Tasks could
just as well take advantage of that fact.

This commit therefore eliminates these deadlock by replacing the
SRCU-based wait for do_exit() completion with per-CPU lists of tasks
currently exiting. A given task will be on one of these per-CPU lists for
the same period of time that this task would previously have been in the
previous SRCU read-side critical section. These lists enable RCU Tasks
to find the tasks that have already been removed from the tasks list,
but that must nevertheless be waited upon.

The RCU Tasks grace period gathers any of these do_exit() tasks that it
must wait on, and adds them to the list of holdouts. Per-CPU locking
and get_task_struct() are used to synchronize addition to and removal
from these lists.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240118021842.290665-1-chenzhongjin@xxxxxxxxxx/

Reported-by: Chen Zhongjin <chenzhongjin@xxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@xxxxxxxxxx>

diff --git a/include/linux/sched.h b/include/linux/sched.h
index cdb8ea53c365..4f0e9274da2d 100644
--- a/include/linux/sched.h
+++ b/include/linux/sched.h
@@ -858,6 +858,8 @@ struct task_struct {
u8 rcu_tasks_idx;
int rcu_tasks_idle_cpu;
struct list_head rcu_tasks_holdout_list;
+ int rcu_tasks_exit_cpu;
+ struct list_head rcu_tasks_exit_list;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RCU */

#ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_TRACE_RCU
diff --git a/init/init_task.c b/init/init_task.c
index 7ecb458eb3da..4daee6d761c8 100644
--- a/init/init_task.c
+++ b/init/init_task.c
@@ -147,6 +147,7 @@ struct task_struct init_task __aligned(L1_CACHE_BYTES) = {
.rcu_tasks_holdout = false,
.rcu_tasks_holdout_list = LIST_HEAD_INIT(init_task.rcu_tasks_holdout_list),
.rcu_tasks_idle_cpu = -1,
+ .rcu_tasks_exit_list = LIST_HEAD_INIT(init_task.rcu_tasks_exit_list),
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_TRACE_RCU
.trc_reader_nesting = 0,
diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
index 47ff3b35352e..3eb86f30e664 100644
--- a/kernel/fork.c
+++ b/kernel/fork.c
@@ -1975,6 +1975,7 @@ static inline void rcu_copy_process(struct task_struct *p)
p->rcu_tasks_holdout = false;
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->rcu_tasks_holdout_list);
p->rcu_tasks_idle_cpu = -1;
+ INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->rcu_tasks_exit_list);
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RCU */
#ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_TRACE_RCU
p->trc_reader_nesting = 0;
diff --git a/kernel/rcu/tasks.h b/kernel/rcu/tasks.h
index 732ad5b39946..bd4a51fd5b1f 100644
--- a/kernel/rcu/tasks.h
+++ b/kernel/rcu/tasks.h
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ typedef void (*postgp_func_t)(struct rcu_tasks *rtp);
* @rtp_irq_work: IRQ work queue for deferred wakeups.
* @barrier_q_head: RCU callback for barrier operation.
* @rtp_blkd_tasks: List of tasks blocked as readers.
+ * @rtp_exit_list: List of tasks in the latter portion of do_exit().
* @cpu: CPU number corresponding to this entry.
* @rtpp: Pointer to the rcu_tasks structure.
*/
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ struct rcu_tasks_percpu {
struct irq_work rtp_irq_work;
struct rcu_head barrier_q_head;
struct list_head rtp_blkd_tasks;
+ struct list_head rtp_exit_list;
int cpu;
struct rcu_tasks *rtpp;
};
@@ -144,8 +146,6 @@ static struct rcu_tasks rt_name = \
}

#ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RCU
-/* Track exiting tasks in order to allow them to be waited for. */
-DEFINE_STATIC_SRCU(tasks_rcu_exit_srcu);

/* Report delay in synchronize_srcu() completion in rcu_tasks_postscan(). */
static void tasks_rcu_exit_srcu_stall(struct timer_list *unused);
@@ -275,6 +275,8 @@ static void cblist_init_generic(struct rcu_tasks *rtp)
rtpcp->rtpp = rtp;
if (!rtpcp->rtp_blkd_tasks.next)
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&rtpcp->rtp_blkd_tasks);
+ if (!rtpcp->rtp_exit_list.next)
+ INIT_LIST_HEAD(&rtpcp->rtp_exit_list);
}

pr_info("%s: Setting shift to %d and lim to %d rcu_task_cb_adjust=%d.\n", rtp->name,
@@ -851,10 +853,12 @@ static void rcu_tasks_wait_gp(struct rcu_tasks *rtp)
// number of voluntary context switches, and add that task to the
// holdout list.
// rcu_tasks_postscan():
-// Invoke synchronize_srcu() to ensure that all tasks that were
-// in the process of exiting (and which thus might not know to
-// synchronize with this RCU Tasks grace period) have completed
-// exiting.
+// Gather per-CPU lists of tasks in do_exit() to ensure that all
+// tasks that were in the process of exiting (and which thus might
+// not know to synchronize with this RCU Tasks grace period) have
+// completed exiting. The synchronize_rcu() in rcu_tasks_postgp()
+// will take care of any tasks stuck in the non-preemptible region
+// of do_exit() following its call to exit_tasks_rcu_stop().
// check_all_holdout_tasks(), repeatedly until holdout list is empty:
// Scans the holdout list, attempting to identify a quiescent state
// for each task on the list. If there is a quiescent state, the
@@ -867,8 +871,10 @@ static void rcu_tasks_wait_gp(struct rcu_tasks *rtp)
// with interrupts disabled.
//
// For each exiting task, the exit_tasks_rcu_start() and
-// exit_tasks_rcu_finish() functions begin and end, respectively, the SRCU
-// read-side critical sections waited for by rcu_tasks_postscan().
+// exit_tasks_rcu_finish() functions add and remove, respectively, the
+// current task to a per-CPU list of tasks that rcu_tasks_postscan() must
+// wait on. This is necessary because rcu_tasks_postscan() must wait on
+// tasks that have already been removed from the global list of tasks.
//
// Pre-grace-period update-side code is ordered before the grace
// via the raw_spin_lock.*rcu_node(). Pre-grace-period read-side code
@@ -932,9 +938,13 @@ static void rcu_tasks_pertask(struct task_struct *t, struct list_head *hop)
}
}

+void call_rcu_tasks(struct rcu_head *rhp, rcu_callback_t func);
+DEFINE_RCU_TASKS(rcu_tasks, rcu_tasks_wait_gp, call_rcu_tasks, "RCU Tasks");
+
/* Processing between scanning taskslist and draining the holdout list. */
static void rcu_tasks_postscan(struct list_head *hop)
{
+ int cpu;
int rtsi = READ_ONCE(rcu_task_stall_info);

if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_TINY_RCU)) {
@@ -948,9 +958,9 @@ static void rcu_tasks_postscan(struct list_head *hop)
* this, divide the fragile exit path part in two intersecting
* read side critical sections:
*
- * 1) An _SRCU_ read side starting before calling exit_notify(),
- * which may remove the task from the tasklist, and ending after
- * the final preempt_disable() call in do_exit().
+ * 1) A task_struct list addition before calling exit_notify(),
+ * which may remove the task from the tasklist, with the
+ * removal after the final preempt_disable() call in do_exit().
*
* 2) An _RCU_ read side starting with the final preempt_disable()
* call in do_exit() and ending with the final call to schedule()
@@ -959,7 +969,18 @@ static void rcu_tasks_postscan(struct list_head *hop)
* This handles the part 1). And postgp will handle part 2) with a
* call to synchronize_rcu().
*/
- synchronize_srcu(&tasks_rcu_exit_srcu);
+
+ for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
+ unsigned long flags;
+ struct rcu_tasks_percpu *rtpcp = per_cpu_ptr(rcu_tasks.rtpcpu, cpu);
+ struct task_struct *t;
+
+ raw_spin_lock_irqsave_rcu_node(rtpcp, flags);
+ list_for_each_entry(t, &rtpcp->rtp_exit_list, rcu_tasks_exit_list)
+ if (list_empty(&t->rcu_tasks_holdout_list))
+ rcu_tasks_pertask(t, hop);
+ raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore_rcu_node(rtpcp, flags);
+ }

if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_TINY_RCU))
del_timer_sync(&tasks_rcu_exit_srcu_stall_timer);
@@ -1027,7 +1048,6 @@ static void rcu_tasks_postgp(struct rcu_tasks *rtp)
*
* In addition, this synchronize_rcu() waits for exiting tasks
* to complete their final preempt_disable() region of execution,
- * cleaning up after synchronize_srcu(&tasks_rcu_exit_srcu),
* enforcing the whole region before tasklist removal until
* the final schedule() with TASK_DEAD state to be an RCU TASKS
* read side critical section.
@@ -1035,9 +1055,6 @@ static void rcu_tasks_postgp(struct rcu_tasks *rtp)
synchronize_rcu();
}

-void call_rcu_tasks(struct rcu_head *rhp, rcu_callback_t func);
-DEFINE_RCU_TASKS(rcu_tasks, rcu_tasks_wait_gp, call_rcu_tasks, "RCU Tasks");
-
static void tasks_rcu_exit_srcu_stall(struct timer_list *unused)
{
#ifndef CONFIG_TINY_RCU
@@ -1147,25 +1164,45 @@ struct task_struct *get_rcu_tasks_gp_kthread(void)
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(get_rcu_tasks_gp_kthread);

/*
- * Contribute to protect against tasklist scan blind spot while the
- * task is exiting and may be removed from the tasklist. See
- * corresponding synchronize_srcu() for further details.
+ * Protect against tasklist scan blind spot while the task is exiting and
+ * may be removed from the tasklist. Do this by adding the task to yet
+ * another list.
*/
-void exit_tasks_rcu_start(void) __acquires(&tasks_rcu_exit_srcu)
+void exit_tasks_rcu_start(void)
{
- current->rcu_tasks_idx = __srcu_read_lock(&tasks_rcu_exit_srcu);
+ unsigned long flags;
+ struct rcu_tasks_percpu *rtpcp;
+ struct task_struct *t = current;
+
+ WARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(&t->rcu_tasks_exit_list));
+ get_task_struct(t);
+ preempt_disable();
+ rtpcp = this_cpu_ptr(rcu_tasks.rtpcpu);
+ t->rcu_tasks_exit_cpu = smp_processor_id();
+ raw_spin_lock_irqsave_rcu_node(rtpcp, flags);
+ if (!rtpcp->rtp_exit_list.next)
+ INIT_LIST_HEAD(&rtpcp->rtp_exit_list);
+ list_add(&t->rcu_tasks_exit_list, &rtpcp->rtp_exit_list);
+ raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore_rcu_node(rtpcp, flags);
+ preempt_enable();
}

/*
- * Contribute to protect against tasklist scan blind spot while the
- * task is exiting and may be removed from the tasklist. See
- * corresponding synchronize_srcu() for further details.
+ * Remove the task from the "yet another list" because do_exit() is now
+ * non-preemptible, allowing synchronize_rcu() to wait beyond this point.
*/
-void exit_tasks_rcu_stop(void) __releases(&tasks_rcu_exit_srcu)
+void exit_tasks_rcu_stop(void)
{
+ unsigned long flags;
+ struct rcu_tasks_percpu *rtpcp;
struct task_struct *t = current;

- __srcu_read_unlock(&tasks_rcu_exit_srcu, t->rcu_tasks_idx);
+ WARN_ON_ONCE(list_empty(&t->rcu_tasks_exit_list));
+ rtpcp = per_cpu_ptr(rcu_tasks.rtpcpu, t->rcu_tasks_exit_cpu);
+ raw_spin_lock_irqsave_rcu_node(rtpcp, flags);
+ list_del_init(&t->rcu_tasks_exit_list);
+ raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore_rcu_node(rtpcp, flags);
+ put_task_struct(t);
}

/*