[PATCH] mm: zswap: limit number of zpools based on CPU and RAM

[Takero Funaki]

This patch limits the number of zpools used by zswap on smaller systems.

Currently, zswap allocates 32 pools unconditionally. This was
implemented to reduce contention on per-zpool locks. However, it incurs
allocation overhead by distributing pages across pools, wasting memory
on systems with fewer CPUs and less RAM.

This patch allocates approximately 2*CPU zpools, with a minimum of 1
zpool for single-CPU systems and up to 32 zpools for systems with 16 or
more CPUs.  This number is sufficient to keep the probability of
busy-waiting by a thread under 40%. The upper limit of 32 zpools remains
unchanged.

For memory, it limits to 1 zpool per 60MB of memory for the 20% default
max pool size limit, assuming the best case with no fragmentation in
zspages. It expects 90% pool usage for zsmalloc.

Signed-off-by: Takero Funaki <flintglass@xxxxxxxxx>
---
 mm/zswap.c | 67 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mm/zswap.c b/mm/zswap.c
index 4de342a63bc2..e957bfdeaf70 100644
--- a/mm/zswap.c
+++ b/mm/zswap.c
@@ -124,8 +124,11 @@ static unsigned int zswap_accept_thr_percent = 90; /* of max pool size */
 module_param_named(accept_threshold_percent, zswap_accept_thr_percent,
 		   uint, 0644);
 
-/* Number of zpools in zswap_pool (empirically determined for scalability) */
-#define ZSWAP_NR_ZPOOLS 32
+/*
+ * Number of max zpools in zswap_pool (empirically determined for scalability)
+ * This must be order of 2, for pointer hashing.
+ */
+#define ZSWAP_NR_ZPOOLS_MAX 32
 
 /* Enable/disable memory pressure-based shrinker. */
 static bool zswap_shrinker_enabled = IS_ENABLED(
@@ -157,12 +160,13 @@ struct crypto_acomp_ctx {
  * needs to be verified that it's still valid in the tree.
  */
 struct zswap_pool {
-	struct zpool *zpools[ZSWAP_NR_ZPOOLS];
+	struct zpool *zpools[ZSWAP_NR_ZPOOLS_MAX];
 	struct crypto_acomp_ctx __percpu *acomp_ctx;
 	struct percpu_ref ref;
 	struct list_head list;
 	struct work_struct release_work;
 	struct hlist_node node;
+	unsigned char nr_zpools_order;
 	char tfm_name[CRYPTO_MAX_ALG_NAME];
 };
 
@@ -243,11 +247,55 @@ static inline struct xarray *swap_zswap_tree(swp_entry_t swp)
 	pr_debug("%s pool %s/%s\n", msg, (p)->tfm_name,		\
 		 zpool_get_type((p)->zpools[0]))
 
+static unsigned long zswap_max_pages(void);
+
 /*********************************
 * pool functions
 **********************************/
 static void __zswap_pool_empty(struct percpu_ref *ref);
 
+/*
+ * Estimate the optimal number of zpools based on CPU and memory.
+ *
+ * For CPUs, aim for 40% or lower probability of busy-waiting from a thread,
+ * assuming all cores are accessing zswap concurrently.
+ * The threshold is chosen for the simplicity of the formula:
+ * The probability is 1-(1-(1/pool))^(thr-1). For 40% threshold, this is
+ * approximately pool = 2 * threads rounded up to orders of 2.
+ * Threads \ Pools
+ *      2       4       8       16      32
+ * 2    0.50    0.25 <  0.13    0.06    0.03
+ * 4    0.88    0.58    0.33 <  0.18    0.09
+ * 6    0.97    0.76    0.49    0.28 <  0.15
+ * 8    0.99    0.87    0.61    0.36 <  0.20
+ * 10   1.00    0.92    0.70    0.44    0.25 <
+ * 16   1.00    0.99    0.87    0.62    0.38 <
+ * 18   1.00    0.99    0.90    0.67    0.42
+ *
+ * For memory, expect 90% pool usage for zsmalloc in the best case.
+ * Assuming uniform distribution, we need to store:
+ *   590       : sum of pages_per_zspage
+ *   * 0.5     : about half of zspage is empty if no fragmentation
+ *   / (1-0.9) : 90% target usage
+ *   = 2950    : expected max pages of a zpool,
+ *               equivalent to 60MB RAM for a 20% max_pool_percent.
+ */
+static void __zswap_set_nr_zpools(struct zswap_pool *pool)
+{
+	unsigned long mem = zswap_max_pages();
+	unsigned long cpu = num_online_cpus();
+
+	mem = DIV_ROUND_UP(mem, 2950);
+	mem = min(max(1, mem), ZSWAP_NR_ZPOOLS_MAX);
+
+	if (cpu <= 1)
+		cpu = 1;
+	else
+		cpu = 1 << ilog2(min(cpu * 2, ZSWAP_NR_ZPOOLS_MAX);
+
+	pool->nr_zpools_order = ilog2(min(mem, cpu));
+}
+
 static struct zswap_pool *zswap_pool_create(char *type, char *compressor)
 {
 	int i;
@@ -271,7 +319,9 @@ static struct zswap_pool *zswap_pool_create(char *type, char *compressor)
 	if (!pool)
 		return NULL;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < ZSWAP_NR_ZPOOLS; i++) {
+	__zswap_set_nr_zpools(pool);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < (1 << pool->nr_zpools_order); i++) {
 		/* unique name for each pool specifically required by zsmalloc */
 		snprintf(name, 38, "zswap%x",
 			 atomic_inc_return(&zswap_pools_count));
@@ -372,7 +422,7 @@ static void zswap_pool_destroy(struct zswap_pool *pool)
 	cpuhp_state_remove_instance(CPUHP_MM_ZSWP_POOL_PREPARE, &pool->node);
 	free_percpu(pool->acomp_ctx);
 
-	for (i = 0; i < ZSWAP_NR_ZPOOLS; i++)
+	for (i = 0; i < (1 << pool->nr_zpools_order); i++)
 		zpool_destroy_pool(pool->zpools[i]);
 	kfree(pool);
 }
@@ -513,7 +563,7 @@ unsigned long zswap_total_pages(void)
 	list_for_each_entry_rcu(pool, &zswap_pools, list) {
 		int i;
 
-		for (i = 0; i < ZSWAP_NR_ZPOOLS; i++)
+		for (i = 0; i < (1 << pool->nr_zpools_order); i++)
 			total += zpool_get_total_pages(pool->zpools[i]);
 	}
 	rcu_read_unlock();
@@ -822,7 +872,10 @@ static void zswap_entry_cache_free(struct zswap_entry *entry)
 
 static struct zpool *zswap_find_zpool(struct zswap_entry *entry)
 {
-	return entry->pool->zpools[hash_ptr(entry, ilog2(ZSWAP_NR_ZPOOLS))];
+	if (entry->pool->nr_zpools_order == 0)
+		return entry->pool->zpools[0];
+
+	return entry->pool->zpools[hash_ptr(entry, entry->pool->nr_zpools_order)];
 }
 
 /*
-- 
2.43.0