[PATCH] compiler/gcc: Make asm() templates asm inline() by default

From: Ingo Molnar
Date: Tue Mar 18 2025 - 16:11:56 EST

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* Ingo Molnar <mingo@xxxxxxxxxx> wrote:

> > And then *if* there are any places that want to out-line the asm
> > (why would you do that? At that point you'd be better off just
> > writing assembler!), they could use an explicit __asm__ instead
> > with a comment.
> >
> > Sadly, I think doing just a mindless
> >
> > #define asm(...) __asm__ __inline__(__VA_ARGS__)
> >
> > doesn't work, because we also have
> >
> > register void *tos asm("r11");
> >
> > kind of patterns.

Plus we also have a lot of plain asm() statements in .c files in file
scope that GCC doesn't accept with an __inline keyword:

CC kernel/configs.o
kernel/configs.c:23:5: error: expected ‘(’ before ‘__inline’
23 | asm __inline (
| ^~~~~~~~
| (
make[3]: *** [scripts/Makefile.build:207: kernel/configs.o] Error 1

Because allowing that would have been way too simple. :-/

And a lot of helper macros that are used in such a scope are affected
as well.

> > So first we'd have to change those to use __asm__(), and *then* we
> > could do the "asm() is always __asm__ __inline__()" thing.
>
> Yeah, I'll try this out. Should this be done for all architectures,
> or just for x86 for the time being?
>
> I'm not sure an arch opt-in is worth it, it will only end up in the
> active architectures picking it, but none of the others, and we'll
> live with the duality forever.

So the attached patch builds on x86-[64|32]{defconfig|allmodconfig}
and boots on x86-64 defconfig.

The central part is:

/* Make regular asm() templates inline too, on compilers that support it: */

#ifdef CONFIG_CC_HAS_ASM_INLINE
# define asm_inline __asm__ __inline
# define asm(...) asm_inline(__VA_ARGS__)
#else
# define asm_inline asm
#endif

And I fixed up the places where this isn't syntactically correct:

35 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 79 deletions(-)

I haven't looked at code generation much yet, but text size changes are
minimal:

text data bss dec hex filename
29429076 7931870 1401196 38762142 24f769e vmlinux.before
29429631 7931870 1401200 38762701 24f78cd vmlinux.after

Which is promising, assuming I haven't messed up anywhere.

Tested on GCC 14.2.0.

... and obviously this will break the build on all other architectures
that have CONFIG_CC_HAS_ASM_INLINE, given that two dozen files had to
be fixed on x86 alone.

Thanks,

Ingo

===============>
From: Ingo Molnar <mingo@xxxxxxxxxx>
Date: Tue, 18 Mar 2025 20:32:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] compiler/gcc: Make asm() templates asm __inline__() by default

Not-Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@xxxxxxxxxx>
---
arch/x86/coco/sev/shared.c | 10 +++++-----
arch/x86/crypto/curve25519-x86_64.c | 2 +-
arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h | 2 +-
arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h | 2 +-
arch/x86/include/asm/cfi.h | 2 +-
arch/x86/include/asm/irq_stack.h | 2 +-
arch/x86/include/asm/linkage.h | 2 +-
arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h | 2 +-
arch/x86/include/asm/static_call.h | 4 ++--
arch/x86/include/asm/uaccess.h | 4 ++--
arch/x86/include/asm/xen/hypercall.h | 12 ++++++------
arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c | 6 +++---
arch/x86/kernel/callthunks.c | 2 +-
arch/x86/kernel/cpu/resctrl/pseudo_lock.c | 6 +++---
arch/x86/kernel/kprobes/opt.c | 2 +-
arch/x86/kernel/rethook.c | 2 +-
arch/x86/kernel/static_call.c | 2 +-
arch/x86/kernel/uprobes.c | 2 +-
arch/x86/kvm/emulate.c | 4 ++--
arch/x86/lib/error-inject.c | 2 +-
include/linux/compiler_types.h | 7 +++++--
include/linux/export-internal.h | 4 ++--
include/linux/export.h | 2 +-
include/linux/init.h | 2 +-
include/linux/linkage.h | 4 ++--
include/linux/pci.h | 2 +-
include/linux/tracepoint.h | 2 +-
include/vdso/math64.h | 2 +-
kernel/configs.c | 2 +-
kernel/kheaders.c | 2 +-
samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-modify.c | 12 ++++++------
samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-multi-modify.c | 12 ++++++------
samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-multi.c | 12 ++++++------
samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-too.c | 12 ++++++------
samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct.c | 12 ++++++------
35 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 79 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/coco/sev/shared.c b/arch/x86/coco/sev/shared.c
index 2e4122f8aa6b..ac8b898e1d26 100644
--- a/arch/x86/coco/sev/shared.c
+++ b/arch/x86/coco/sev/shared.c
@@ -281,11 +281,11 @@ static inline int svsm_process_result_codes(struct svsm_call *call)
*/
static __always_inline void svsm_issue_call(struct svsm_call *call, u8 *pending)
{
- register unsigned long rax asm("rax") = call->rax;
- register unsigned long rcx asm("rcx") = call->rcx;
- register unsigned long rdx asm("rdx") = call->rdx;
- register unsigned long r8 asm("r8") = call->r8;
- register unsigned long r9 asm("r9") = call->r9;
+ register unsigned long rax __asm__("rax") = call->rax;
+ register unsigned long rcx __asm__("rcx") = call->rcx;
+ register unsigned long rdx __asm__("rdx") = call->rdx;
+ register unsigned long r8 __asm__("r8") = call->r8;
+ register unsigned long r9 __asm__("r9") = call->r9;

call->caa->call_pending = 1;

diff --git a/arch/x86/crypto/curve25519-x86_64.c b/arch/x86/crypto/curve25519-x86_64.c
index dcfc0de333de..7d664bc8b2fd 100644
--- a/arch/x86/crypto/curve25519-x86_64.c
+++ b/arch/x86/crypto/curve25519-x86_64.c
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ static inline void fmul2(u64 *out, const u64 *f1, const u64 *f2, u64 *tmp)
* Requires f2 to be smaller than 2^17 */
static inline void fmul_scalar(u64 *out, const u64 *f1, u64 f2)
{
- register u64 f2_r asm("rdx") = f2;
+ register u64 f2_r __asm__("rdx") = f2;

asm volatile(
/* Compute the raw multiplication of f1*f2 */
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h
index e3903b731305..ab6c80eaf7f5 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ static inline int alternatives_text_reserved(void *start, void *end)

/* Macro for creating assembler functions avoiding any C magic. */
#define DEFINE_ASM_FUNC(func, instr, sec) \
- asm (".pushsection " #sec ", \"ax\"\n" \
+ __asm__ (".pushsection " #sec ", \"ax\"\n" \
".global " #func "\n\t" \
".type " #func ", @function\n\t" \
ASM_FUNC_ALIGN "\n" \
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h
index 2bec0c89a95c..5b88c875d512 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ static __always_inline __pure void *rip_rel_ptr(void *p)
* gets set up by the containing function. If you forget to do this, objtool
* may print a "call without frame pointer save/setup" warning.
*/
-register unsigned long current_stack_pointer asm(_ASM_SP);
+register unsigned long current_stack_pointer __asm__(_ASM_SP);
#define ASM_CALL_CONSTRAINT "+r" (current_stack_pointer)
#endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/cfi.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/cfi.h
index 31d19c815f99..5fd236a9ac25 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/cfi.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/cfi.h
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ static inline u32 cfi_get_func_hash(void *func)
#endif /* CONFIG_CFI_CLANG */

#if HAS_KERNEL_IBT == 1
-#define CFI_NOSEAL(x) asm(IBT_NOSEAL(__stringify(x)))
+#define CFI_NOSEAL(x) __asm__(IBT_NOSEAL(__stringify(x)))
#endif

#endif /* _ASM_X86_CFI_H */
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/irq_stack.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/irq_stack.h
index 562a547c29a5..478291297ff2 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/irq_stack.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/irq_stack.h
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
*/
#define call_on_stack(stack, func, asm_call, argconstr...) \
{ \
- register void *tos asm("r11"); \
+ register void *tos __asm__("r11"); \
\
tos = ((void *)(stack)); \
\
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/linkage.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/linkage.h
index dc31b13b87a0..8753b9f2e473 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/linkage.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/linkage.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
* The generic version tends to create spurious ENDBR instructions under
* certain conditions.
*/
-#define _THIS_IP_ ({ unsigned long __here; asm ("lea 0(%%rip), %0" : "=r" (__here)); __here; })
+#define _THIS_IP_ ({ unsigned long __here; __asm__ ("lea 0(%%rip), %0" : "=r" (__here)); __here; })
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_32
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h
index 041aff51eb50..7090d1478982 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ bool __raw_callee_save___native_vcpu_is_preempted(long cpu);
#define __PV_CALLEE_SAVE_REGS_THUNK(func, section) \
extern typeof(func) __raw_callee_save_##func; \
\
- asm(".pushsection " section ", \"ax\";" \
+ __asm__(".pushsection " section ", \"ax\";" \
".globl " PV_THUNK_NAME(func) ";" \
".type " PV_THUNK_NAME(func) ", @function;" \
ASM_FUNC_ALIGN \
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/static_call.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/static_call.h
index 41502bd2afd6..23e6dca3dc63 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/static_call.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/static_call.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
* and __static_call_fixup().
*/
#define __ARCH_DEFINE_STATIC_CALL_TRAMP(name, insns) \
- asm(".pushsection .static_call.text, \"ax\" \n" \
+ __asm__(".pushsection .static_call.text, \"ax\" \n" \
".align 4 \n" \
".globl " STATIC_CALL_TRAMP_STR(name) " \n" \
STATIC_CALL_TRAMP_STR(name) ": \n" \
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
ARCH_DEFINE_STATIC_CALL_TRAMP(name, __static_call_return0)

#define ARCH_ADD_TRAMP_KEY(name) \
- asm(".pushsection .static_call_tramp_key, \"a\" \n" \
+ __asm__(".pushsection .static_call_tramp_key, \"a\" \n" \
".long " STATIC_CALL_TRAMP_STR(name) " - . \n" \
".long " STATIC_CALL_KEY_STR(name) " - . \n" \
".popsection \n")
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/uaccess.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/uaccess.h
index 3a7755c1a441..32715343ebb1 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/uaccess.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/uaccess.h
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ extern int __get_user_bad(void);
#define do_get_user_call(fn,x,ptr) \
({ \
int __ret_gu; \
- register __inttype(*(ptr)) __val_gu asm("%"_ASM_DX); \
+ register __inttype(*(ptr)) __val_gu __asm__("%"_ASM_DX); \
__chk_user_ptr(ptr); \
asm volatile("call __" #fn "_%c[size]" \
: "=a" (__ret_gu), "=r" (__val_gu), \
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ extern void __put_user_nocheck_8(void);
({ \
int __ret_pu; \
void __user *__ptr_pu; \
- register __typeof__(*(ptr)) __val_pu asm("%"_ASM_AX); \
+ register __typeof__(*(ptr)) __val_pu __asm__("%"_ASM_AX); \
__typeof__(*(ptr)) __x = (x); /* eval x once */ \
__typeof__(ptr) __ptr = (ptr); /* eval ptr once */ \
__chk_user_ptr(__ptr); \
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/xen/hypercall.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/xen/hypercall.h
index 97771b9d33af..0ecce35f287f 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/xen/hypercall.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/xen/hypercall.h
@@ -120,12 +120,12 @@ DECLARE_STATIC_CALL(xen_hypercall, xen_hypercall_func);
#endif

#define __HYPERCALL_DECLS \
- register unsigned long __res asm(__HYPERCALL_RETREG); \
- register unsigned long __arg1 asm(__HYPERCALL_ARG1REG) = __arg1; \
- register unsigned long __arg2 asm(__HYPERCALL_ARG2REG) = __arg2; \
- register unsigned long __arg3 asm(__HYPERCALL_ARG3REG) = __arg3; \
- register unsigned long __arg4 asm(__HYPERCALL_ARG4REG) = __arg4; \
- register unsigned long __arg5 asm(__HYPERCALL_ARG5REG) = __arg5;
+ register unsigned long __res __asm__(__HYPERCALL_RETREG); \
+ register unsigned long __arg1 __asm__(__HYPERCALL_ARG1REG) = __arg1; \
+ register unsigned long __arg2 __asm__(__HYPERCALL_ARG2REG) = __arg2; \
+ register unsigned long __arg3 __asm__(__HYPERCALL_ARG3REG) = __arg3; \
+ register unsigned long __arg4 __asm__(__HYPERCALL_ARG4REG) = __arg4; \
+ register unsigned long __arg5 __asm__(__HYPERCALL_ARG5REG) = __arg5;

#define __HYPERCALL_0PARAM "=r" (__res), ASM_CALL_CONSTRAINT
#define __HYPERCALL_1PARAM __HYPERCALL_0PARAM, "+r" (__arg1)
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c b/arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c
index c71b575bf229..cde99c0e2502 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c
@@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ extern unsigned int __bpf_prog_runX(const void *ctx,
__ADDRESSABLE(__bpf_prog_runX);

/* u32 __ro_after_init cfi_bpf_hash = __kcfi_typeid___bpf_prog_runX; */
-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .data..ro_after_init,\"aw\",@progbits \n"
" .type cfi_bpf_hash,@object \n"
" .globl cfi_bpf_hash \n"
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ extern u64 __bpf_callback_fn(u64, u64, u64, u64, u64);
__ADDRESSABLE(__bpf_callback_fn);

/* u32 __ro_after_init cfi_bpf_subprog_hash = __kcfi_typeid___bpf_callback_fn; */
-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .data..ro_after_init,\"aw\",@progbits \n"
" .type cfi_bpf_subprog_hash,@object \n"
" .globl cfi_bpf_subprog_hash \n"
@@ -1598,7 +1598,7 @@ int alternatives_text_reserved(void *start, void *end)

extern void int3_magic(unsigned int *ptr); /* defined in asm */

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .init.text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type int3_magic, @function\n"
"int3_magic:\n"
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/callthunks.c b/arch/x86/kernel/callthunks.c
index 8418a892d195..5d865c851b4f 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/callthunks.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/callthunks.c
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ static const struct core_text builtin_coretext = {
.name = "builtin",
};

-asm (
+__asm__ (
".pushsection .rodata \n"
".global skl_call_thunk_template \n"
"skl_call_thunk_template: \n"
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/resctrl/pseudo_lock.c b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/resctrl/pseudo_lock.c
index 42cc162f7fc9..49381dc69837 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/resctrl/pseudo_lock.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/resctrl/pseudo_lock.c
@@ -446,9 +446,9 @@ static int pseudo_lock_fn(void *_rdtgrp)
unsigned int size;
void *mem_r;
#else
- register unsigned int line_size asm("esi");
- register unsigned int size asm("edi");
- register void *mem_r asm(_ASM_BX);
+ register unsigned int line_size __asm__("esi");
+ register unsigned int size __asm__("edi");
+ register void *mem_r __asm__(_ASM_BX);
#endif /* CONFIG_KASAN */

/*
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/kprobes/opt.c b/arch/x86/kernel/kprobes/opt.c
index 36d6809c6c9e..eb394142a3b3 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/kprobes/opt.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/kprobes/opt.c
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ static void synthesize_set_arg1(kprobe_opcode_t *addr, unsigned long val)
*(unsigned long *)addr = val;
}

-asm (
+__asm__ (
".pushsection .rodata\n"
"optprobe_template_func:\n"
".global optprobe_template_entry\n"
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/rethook.c b/arch/x86/kernel/rethook.c
index 8a1c0111ae79..bb3ebb6c7618 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/rethook.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/rethook.c
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ __visible void arch_rethook_trampoline_callback(struct pt_regs *regs);
* When a target function returns, this code saves registers and calls
* arch_rethook_trampoline_callback(), which calls the rethook handler.
*/
-asm(
+__asm__(
".text\n"
".global arch_rethook_trampoline\n"
".type arch_rethook_trampoline, @function\n"
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/static_call.c b/arch/x86/kernel/static_call.c
index 9e51242ed125..13984965b8a7 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/static_call.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/static_call.c
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ static u8 __is_Jcc(u8 *insn) /* Jcc.d32 */

extern void __static_call_return(void);

-asm (".global __static_call_return\n\t"
+__asm__ (".global __static_call_return\n\t"
".type __static_call_return, @function\n\t"
ASM_FUNC_ALIGN "\n\t"
"__static_call_return:\n\t"
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/uprobes.c b/arch/x86/kernel/uprobes.c
index 5a952c5ea66b..2a56d8313cbb 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/uprobes.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/uprobes.c
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ static int uprobe_init_insn(struct arch_uprobe *auprobe, struct insn *insn, bool

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64

-asm (
+__asm__ (
".pushsection .rodata\n"
".global uretprobe_trampoline_entry\n"
"uretprobe_trampoline_entry:\n"
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/emulate.c b/arch/x86/kvm/emulate.c
index 60986f67c35a..80800901474d 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/emulate.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/emulate.c
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ static int fastop(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, fastop_t fop);

#define __FOP_START(op, align) \
extern void em_##op(struct fastop *fake); \
- asm(".pushsection .text, \"ax\" \n\t" \
+ __asm__(".pushsection .text, \"ax\" \n\t" \
".global em_" #op " \n\t" \
".align " __stringify(align) " \n\t" \
"em_" #op ":\n\t"
@@ -1069,7 +1069,7 @@ static __always_inline u8 test_cc(unsigned int condition, unsigned long flags)
void (*fop)(void) = (void *)em_setcc + FASTOP_SIZE * (condition & 0xf);

flags = (flags & EFLAGS_MASK) | X86_EFLAGS_IF;
- asm("push %[flags]; popf; " CALL_NOSPEC
+ __asm__("push %[flags]; popf; " CALL_NOSPEC
: "=a"(rc), ASM_CALL_CONSTRAINT : [thunk_target]"r"(fop), [flags]"r"(flags));
return rc;
}
diff --git a/arch/x86/lib/error-inject.c b/arch/x86/lib/error-inject.c
index b5a6d83106bc..0fd65281078c 100644
--- a/arch/x86/lib/error-inject.c
+++ b/arch/x86/lib/error-inject.c
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@

asmlinkage void just_return_func(void);

-asm(
+__asm__(
".text\n"
".type just_return_func, @function\n"
".globl just_return_func\n"
diff --git a/include/linux/compiler_types.h b/include/linux/compiler_types.h
index 981cc3d7e3aa..4c59faf2c22f 100644
--- a/include/linux/compiler_types.h
+++ b/include/linux/compiler_types.h
@@ -473,10 +473,13 @@ struct ftrace_likely_data {
#define ASM_INPUT_RM "rm"
#endif

+/* Make regular asm() templates inline too, on compilers that support it: */
+
#ifdef CONFIG_CC_HAS_ASM_INLINE
-#define asm_inline asm __inline
+# define asm_inline __asm__ __inline
+# define asm(...) asm_inline(__VA_ARGS__)
#else
-#define asm_inline asm
+# define asm_inline asm
#endif

/* Are two types/vars the same type (ignoring qualifiers)? */
diff --git a/include/linux/export-internal.h b/include/linux/export-internal.h
index d445705ac13c..61dfbc986c9a 100644
--- a/include/linux/export-internal.h
+++ b/include/linux/export-internal.h
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
* former apparently works on all arches according to the binutils source.
*/
#define __KSYMTAB(name, sym, sec, ns) \
- asm(" .section \"__ksymtab_strings\",\"aMS\",%progbits,1" "\n" \
+ __asm__(" .section \"__ksymtab_strings\",\"aMS\",%progbits,1" "\n" \
"__kstrtab_" #name ":" "\n" \
" .asciz \"" #name "\"" "\n" \
"__kstrtabns_" #name ":" "\n" \
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
#define KSYMTAB_DATA(name, sec, ns) __KSYMTAB(name, name, sec, ns)

#define SYMBOL_CRC(sym, crc, sec) \
- asm(".section \"___kcrctab" sec "+" #sym "\",\"a\"" "\n" \
+ __asm__(".section \"___kcrctab" sec "+" #sym "\",\"a\"" "\n" \
".balign 4" "\n" \
"__crc_" #sym ":" "\n" \
".long " #crc "\n" \
diff --git a/include/linux/export.h b/include/linux/export.h
index a8c23d945634..ca2fc2cc5db8 100644
--- a/include/linux/export.h
+++ b/include/linux/export.h
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
extern typeof(sym) sym; \
__ADDRESSABLE(sym) \
__GENDWARFKSYMS_EXPORT(sym) \
- asm(__stringify(___EXPORT_SYMBOL(sym, license, ns)))
+ __asm__(__stringify(___EXPORT_SYMBOL(sym, license, ns)))

#endif

diff --git a/include/linux/init.h b/include/linux/init.h
index ee1309473bc6..85bc49b7e34d 100644
--- a/include/linux/init.h
+++ b/include/linux/init.h
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ extern struct module __this_module;
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_PREL32_RELOCATIONS
#define ____define_initcall(fn, __stub, __name, __sec) \
__define_initcall_stub(__stub, fn) \
- asm(".section \"" __sec "\", \"a\" \n" \
+ __asm__(".section \"" __sec "\", \"a\" \n" \
__stringify(__name) ": \n" \
".long " __stringify(__stub) " - . \n" \
".previous \n"); \
diff --git a/include/linux/linkage.h b/include/linux/linkage.h
index 5c8865bb59d9..74bc0c88f8ca 100644
--- a/include/linux/linkage.h
+++ b/include/linux/linkage.h
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@
#endif

#ifndef cond_syscall
-#define cond_syscall(x) asm( \
+#define cond_syscall(x) __asm__( \
".weak " __stringify(x) "\n\t" \
".set " __stringify(x) "," \
__stringify(sys_ni_syscall))
#endif

#ifndef SYSCALL_ALIAS
-#define SYSCALL_ALIAS(alias, name) asm( \
+#define SYSCALL_ALIAS(alias, name) __asm__( \
".globl " __stringify(alias) "\n\t" \
".set " __stringify(alias) "," \
__stringify(name))
diff --git a/include/linux/pci.h b/include/linux/pci.h
index 47b31ad724fa..0904d24c9e17 100644
--- a/include/linux/pci.h
+++ b/include/linux/pci.h
@@ -2206,7 +2206,7 @@ enum pci_fixup_pass {
#define ___DECLARE_PCI_FIXUP_SECTION(sec, name, vendor, device, class, \
class_shift, hook) \
__ADDRESSABLE(hook) \
- asm(".section " #sec ", \"a\" \n" \
+ __asm__(".section " #sec ", \"a\" \n" \
".balign 16 \n" \
".short " #vendor ", " #device " \n" \
".long " #class ", " #class_shift " \n" \
diff --git a/include/linux/tracepoint.h b/include/linux/tracepoint.h
index a351763e6965..4f0f7cca7a62 100644
--- a/include/linux/tracepoint.h
+++ b/include/linux/tracepoint.h
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ static inline struct tracepoint *tracepoint_ptr_deref(tracepoint_ptr_t *p)
}

#define __TRACEPOINT_ENTRY(name) \
- asm(" .section \"__tracepoints_ptrs\", \"a\" \n" \
+ __asm__(" .section \"__tracepoints_ptrs\", \"a\" \n" \
" .balign 4 \n" \
" .long __tracepoint_" #name " - . \n" \
" .previous \n")
diff --git a/include/vdso/math64.h b/include/vdso/math64.h
index 22ae212f8b28..d391d9622414 100644
--- a/include/vdso/math64.h
+++ b/include/vdso/math64.h
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ __iter_div_u64_rem(u64 dividend, u32 divisor, u64 *remainder)
while (dividend >= divisor) {
/* The following asm() prevents the compiler from
optimising this loop into a modulo operation. */
- asm("" : "+rm"(dividend));
+ __asm__("" : "+rm"(dividend));

dividend -= divisor;
ret++;
diff --git a/kernel/configs.c b/kernel/configs.c
index a28c79c5f713..076342773995 100644
--- a/kernel/configs.c
+++ b/kernel/configs.c
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
* "IKCFG_ST" and "IKCFG_ED" are used to extract the config data from
* a binary kernel image or a module. See scripts/extract-ikconfig.
*/
-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .rodata, \"a\" \n"
" .ascii \"IKCFG_ST\" \n"
" .global kernel_config_data \n"
diff --git a/kernel/kheaders.c b/kernel/kheaders.c
index 378088b07f46..1468c46806a3 100644
--- a/kernel/kheaders.c
+++ b/kernel/kheaders.c
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
* compressed kernel headers are stored. The file is first compressed with xz.
*/

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .rodata, \"a\" \n"
" .global kernel_headers_data \n"
"kernel_headers_data: \n"
diff --git a/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-modify.c b/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-modify.c
index cfea7a38befb..a59d68845a58 100644
--- a/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-modify.c
+++ b/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-modify.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ static unsigned long my_ip = (unsigned long)schedule;
#ifdef CONFIG_RISCV
#include <asm/asm.h>

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp1, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp1\n"
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ asm (
#include <asm/ibt.h>
#include <asm/nospec-branch.h>

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp1, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp1\n"
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_S390

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp1, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp1\n"
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_ARM64

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp1, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp1\n"
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_LOONGARCH

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp1, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp1\n"
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ asm (
" bctr\n"
#endif

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp1, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp1\n"
diff --git a/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-multi-modify.c b/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-multi-modify.c
index 8f7986d698d8..0f45e47e5137 100644
--- a/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-multi-modify.c
+++ b/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-multi-modify.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ extern void my_tramp2(void *);
#ifdef CONFIG_RISCV
#include <asm/asm.h>

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp1, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp1\n"
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ asm (
#include <asm/ibt.h>
#include <asm/nospec-branch.h>

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp1, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp1\n"
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_S390

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp1, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp1\n"
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_ARM64

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp1, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp1\n"
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ asm (
#ifdef CONFIG_LOONGARCH
#include <asm/asm.h>

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp1, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp1\n"
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ asm (
#define PPC_FTRACE_RECOVER_IP ""
#endif

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp1, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp1\n"
diff --git a/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-multi.c b/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-multi.c
index db326c81a27d..c687682780fa 100644
--- a/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-multi.c
+++ b/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-multi.c
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ extern void my_tramp(void *);
#ifdef CONFIG_RISCV
#include <asm/asm.h>

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ asm (
#include <asm/ibt.h>
#include <asm/nospec-branch.h>

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_S390

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_ARM64

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ asm (
#ifdef CONFIG_LOONGARCH

#include <asm/asm.h>
-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ asm (
#define PPC_FTRACE_RECOVER_IP ""
#endif

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
diff --git a/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-too.c b/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-too.c
index 3d0fa260332d..63b778b7285b 100644
--- a/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-too.c
+++ b/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct-too.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ extern void my_tramp(void *);
#ifdef CONFIG_RISCV
#include <asm/asm.h>

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ asm (
#include <asm/ibt.h>
#include <asm/nospec-branch.h>

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_S390

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_ARM64

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_LOONGARCH

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ asm (
" bctr\n"
#endif

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
diff --git a/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct.c b/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct.c
index 956834b0d19a..7ad16e5c4a5b 100644
--- a/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct.c
+++ b/samples/ftrace/ftrace-direct.c
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ extern void my_tramp(void *);
#ifdef CONFIG_RISCV
#include <asm/asm.h>

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ asm (
#include <asm/ibt.h>
#include <asm/nospec-branch.h>

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_S390

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_ARM64

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ asm (

#ifdef CONFIG_LOONGARCH

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ asm (
" bctr\n"
#endif

-asm (
+__asm__ (
" .pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
" .type my_tramp, @function\n"
" .globl my_tramp\n"

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