[PATCH v7 01/23] nova-core: mm: Add support to use PRAMIN windows to write to VRAM
From: Joel Fernandes
Date: Wed Feb 18 2026 - 16:22:38 EST
PRAMIN apertures are a crucial mechanism to direct read/write to VRAM.
Add support for the same.
Cc: Nikola Djukic <ndjukic@xxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes <joelagnelf@xxxxxxxxxx>
---
drivers/gpu/nova-core/mm/mod.rs | 5 +
drivers/gpu/nova-core/mm/pramin.rs | 293 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
drivers/gpu/nova-core/nova_core.rs | 1 +
drivers/gpu/nova-core/regs.rs | 5 +
4 files changed, 304 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 drivers/gpu/nova-core/mm/mod.rs
create mode 100644 drivers/gpu/nova-core/mm/pramin.rs
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/nova-core/mm/mod.rs b/drivers/gpu/nova-core/mm/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7a5dd4220c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drivers/gpu/nova-core/mm/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! Memory management subsystems for nova-core.
+
+pub(crate) mod pramin;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/nova-core/mm/pramin.rs b/drivers/gpu/nova-core/mm/pramin.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..77916f5b231e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drivers/gpu/nova-core/mm/pramin.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! Direct VRAM access through the PRAMIN aperture.
+//!
+//! PRAMIN provides a 1MB sliding window into VRAM through BAR0, allowing the CPU to access
+//! video memory directly. Access is managed through a two-level API:
+//!
+//! - [`Pramin`]: The parent object that owns the BAR0 reference and synchronization lock.
+//! - [`PraminWindow`]: A guard object that holds exclusive PRAMIN access for its lifetime.
+//!
+//! The PRAMIN aperture is a 1MB region at BAR0 + 0x700000 for all GPUs. The window base is
+//! controlled by the `NV_PBUS_BAR0_WINDOW` register and must be 64KB aligned.
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ## Basic read/write
+//!
+//! ```no_run
+//! use crate::driver::Bar0;
+//! use crate::mm::pramin;
+//! use kernel::devres::Devres;
+//! use kernel::prelude::*;
+//! use kernel::sync::Arc;
+//!
+//! fn example(devres_bar: Arc<Devres<Bar0>>) -> Result<()> {
+//! let pramin = Arc::pin_init(pramin::Pramin::new(devres_bar)?, GFP_KERNEL)?;
+//! let mut window = pramin.window()?;
+//!
+//! // Write and read back.
+//! window.try_write32(0x100, 0xDEADBEEF)?;
+//! let val = window.try_read32(0x100)?;
+//! assert_eq!(val, 0xDEADBEEF);
+//!
+//! Ok(())
+//! // Original window position restored on drop.
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Auto-repositioning across VRAM regions
+//!
+//! ```no_run
+//! use crate::driver::Bar0;
+//! use crate::mm::pramin;
+//! use kernel::devres::Devres;
+//! use kernel::prelude::*;
+//! use kernel::sync::Arc;
+//!
+//! fn example(devres_bar: Arc<Devres<Bar0>>) -> Result<()> {
+//! let pramin = Arc::pin_init(pramin::Pramin::new(devres_bar)?, GFP_KERNEL)?;
+//! let mut window = pramin.window()?;
+//!
+//! // Access first 1MB region.
+//! window.try_write32(0x100, 0x11111111)?;
+//!
+//! // Access at 2MB - window auto-repositions.
+//! window.try_write32(0x200000, 0x22222222)?;
+//!
+//! // Back to first region - window repositions again.
+//! let val = window.try_read32(0x100)?;
+//! assert_eq!(val, 0x11111111);
+//!
+//! Ok(())
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+#![allow(unused)]
+
+use crate::{
+ driver::Bar0,
+ regs, //
+};
+
+use kernel::bits::genmask_u64;
+use kernel::devres::Devres;
+use kernel::io::Io;
+use kernel::new_mutex;
+use kernel::prelude::*;
+use kernel::ptr::{
+ Alignable,
+ Alignment, //
+};
+use kernel::sizes::{
+ SZ_1M,
+ SZ_64K, //
+};
+use kernel::sync::{
+ lock::mutex::MutexGuard,
+ Arc,
+ Mutex, //
+};
+
+/// PRAMIN aperture base offset in BAR0.
+const PRAMIN_BASE: usize = 0x700000;
+
+/// PRAMIN aperture size (1MB).
+const PRAMIN_SIZE: usize = SZ_1M;
+
+/// 64KB alignment for window base.
+const WINDOW_ALIGN: Alignment = Alignment::new::<SZ_64K>();
+
+/// Maximum addressable VRAM offset (40-bit address space).
+///
+/// The `NV_PBUS_BAR0_WINDOW` register has a 24-bit `window_base` field (bits 23:0) that stores
+/// bits [39:16] of the target VRAM address. This limits the addressable space to 2^40 bytes.
+///
+/// CAST: On 64-bit systems, this fits in usize.
+const MAX_VRAM_OFFSET: usize = genmask_u64(0..=39) as usize;
+
+/// Generate a PRAMIN read accessor.
+macro_rules! define_pramin_read {
+ ($name:ident, $ty:ty) => {
+ #[doc = concat!("Read a `", stringify!($ty), "` from VRAM at the given offset.")]
+ pub(crate) fn $name(&mut self, vram_offset: usize) -> Result<$ty> {
+ // Compute window parameters without bar reference.
+ let (bar_offset, new_base) =
+ self.compute_window(vram_offset, ::core::mem::size_of::<$ty>())?;
+
+ // Update window base if needed and perform read.
+ let bar = self.bar.try_access().ok_or(ENODEV)?;
+ if let Some(base) = new_base {
+ Self::write_window_base(&bar, base);
+ self.state.current_base = base;
+ }
+ bar.$name(bar_offset)
+ }
+ };
+}
+
+/// Generate a PRAMIN write accessor.
+macro_rules! define_pramin_write {
+ ($name:ident, $ty:ty) => {
+ #[doc = concat!("Write a `", stringify!($ty), "` to VRAM at the given offset.")]
+ pub(crate) fn $name(&mut self, vram_offset: usize, value: $ty) -> Result {
+ // Compute window parameters without bar reference.
+ let (bar_offset, new_base) =
+ self.compute_window(vram_offset, ::core::mem::size_of::<$ty>())?;
+
+ // Update window base if needed and perform write.
+ let bar = self.bar.try_access().ok_or(ENODEV)?;
+ if let Some(base) = new_base {
+ Self::write_window_base(&bar, base);
+ self.state.current_base = base;
+ }
+ bar.$name(value, bar_offset)
+ }
+ };
+}
+
+/// PRAMIN state protected by mutex.
+struct PraminState {
+ current_base: usize,
+}
+
+/// PRAMIN aperture manager.
+///
+/// Call [`Pramin::window()`] to acquire exclusive PRAMIN access.
+#[pin_data]
+pub(crate) struct Pramin {
+ bar: Arc<Devres<Bar0>>,
+ /// PRAMIN aperture state, protected by a mutex.
+ ///
+ /// # Safety
+ ///
+ /// This lock is acquired during the DMA fence signalling critical path.
+ /// It must NEVER be held across any reclaimable CPU memory / allocations
+ /// (`GFP_KERNEL`), because the memory reclaim path can call
+ /// `dma_fence_wait()`, which would deadlock with this lock held.
+ #[pin]
+ state: Mutex<PraminState>,
+}
+
+impl Pramin {
+ /// Create a pin-initializer for PRAMIN.
+ pub(crate) fn new(bar: Arc<Devres<Bar0>>) -> Result<impl PinInit<Self>> {
+ let bar_access = bar.try_access().ok_or(ENODEV)?;
+ let current_base = Self::try_read_window_base(&bar_access)?;
+
+ Ok(pin_init!(Self {
+ bar,
+ state <- new_mutex!(PraminState { current_base }, "pramin_state"),
+ }))
+ }
+
+ /// Acquire exclusive PRAMIN access.
+ ///
+ /// Returns a [`PraminWindow`] guard that provides VRAM read/write accessors.
+ /// The [`PraminWindow`] is exclusive and only one can exist at a time.
+ pub(crate) fn window(&self) -> Result<PraminWindow<'_>> {
+ let state = self.state.lock();
+ let saved_base = state.current_base;
+ Ok(PraminWindow {
+ bar: self.bar.clone(),
+ state,
+ saved_base,
+ })
+ }
+
+ /// Read the current window base from the BAR0_WINDOW register.
+ fn try_read_window_base(bar: &Bar0) -> Result<usize> {
+ let reg = regs::NV_PBUS_BAR0_WINDOW::read(bar);
+ let base = u64::from(reg.window_base());
+ let shifted = base.checked_shl(16).ok_or(EOVERFLOW)?;
+ shifted.try_into().map_err(|_| EOVERFLOW)
+ }
+}
+
+/// PRAMIN window guard for direct VRAM access.
+///
+/// This guard holds exclusive access to the PRAMIN aperture. The window auto-repositions
+/// when accessing VRAM offsets outside the current 1MB range. Original window position
+/// is saved on creation and restored on drop.
+///
+/// Only one [`PraminWindow`] can exist at a time per [`Pramin`] instance (enforced by the
+/// internal `MutexGuard`).
+pub(crate) struct PraminWindow<'a> {
+ bar: Arc<Devres<Bar0>>,
+ state: MutexGuard<'a, PraminState>,
+ saved_base: usize,
+}
+
+impl PraminWindow<'_> {
+ /// Write a new window base to the BAR0_WINDOW register.
+ fn write_window_base(bar: &Bar0, base: usize) {
+ // CAST:
+ // - We have guaranteed that the base is within the addressable range (40-bits).
+ // - After >> 16, a 40-bit aligned base becomes 24 bits, which fits in u32.
+ regs::NV_PBUS_BAR0_WINDOW::default()
+ .set_window_base((base >> 16) as u32)
+ .write(bar);
+ }
+
+ /// Compute window parameters for a VRAM access.
+ ///
+ /// Returns (`bar_offset`, `new_base`) where:
+ /// - `bar_offset`: The BAR0 offset to use for the access.
+ /// - `new_base`: `Some(base)` if window needs repositioning, `None` otherwise.
+ fn compute_window(
+ &self,
+ vram_offset: usize,
+ access_size: usize,
+ ) -> Result<(usize, Option<usize>)> {
+ // Validate VRAM offset is within addressable range (40-bit address space).
+ let end_offset = vram_offset.checked_add(access_size).ok_or(EINVAL)?;
+ if end_offset > MAX_VRAM_OFFSET + 1 {
+ return Err(EINVAL);
+ }
+
+ // Calculate which 64KB-aligned base we need.
+ let needed_base = vram_offset.align_down(WINDOW_ALIGN);
+
+ // Calculate offset within the window.
+ let offset_in_window = vram_offset - needed_base;
+
+ // Check if access fits in 1MB window from this base.
+ if offset_in_window + access_size > PRAMIN_SIZE {
+ return Err(EINVAL);
+ }
+
+ // Return bar offset and whether window needs repositioning.
+ let new_base = if self.state.current_base != needed_base {
+ Some(needed_base)
+ } else {
+ None
+ };
+
+ Ok((PRAMIN_BASE + offset_in_window, new_base))
+ }
+
+ define_pramin_read!(try_read8, u8);
+ define_pramin_read!(try_read16, u16);
+ define_pramin_read!(try_read32, u32);
+ define_pramin_read!(try_read64, u64);
+
+ define_pramin_write!(try_write8, u8);
+ define_pramin_write!(try_write16, u16);
+ define_pramin_write!(try_write32, u32);
+ define_pramin_write!(try_write64, u64);
+}
+
+impl Drop for PraminWindow<'_> {
+ fn drop(&mut self) {
+ // Restore the original window base if it changed.
+ if self.state.current_base != self.saved_base {
+ if let Some(bar) = self.bar.try_access() {
+ Self::write_window_base(&bar, self.saved_base);
+
+ // Update state to reflect the restored base.
+ self.state.current_base = self.saved_base;
+ }
+ }
+ // MutexGuard drops automatically, releasing the lock.
+ }
+}
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/nova-core/nova_core.rs b/drivers/gpu/nova-core/nova_core.rs
index c1121e7c64c5..3de00db3279e 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/nova-core/nova_core.rs
+++ b/drivers/gpu/nova-core/nova_core.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
mod gfw;
mod gpu;
mod gsp;
+mod mm;
mod num;
mod regs;
mod sbuffer;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/nova-core/regs.rs b/drivers/gpu/nova-core/regs.rs
index ea0d32f5396c..d0982e346f74 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/nova-core/regs.rs
+++ b/drivers/gpu/nova-core/regs.rs
@@ -102,6 +102,11 @@ fn fmt(&self, f: &mut kernel::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> kernel::fmt::Result {
31:16 frts_err_code as u16;
});
+register!(NV_PBUS_BAR0_WINDOW @ 0x00001700, "BAR0 window control for PRAMIN access" {
+ 25:24 target as u8, "Target memory (0=VRAM, 1=SYS_MEM_COH, 2=SYS_MEM_NONCOH)";
+ 23:0 window_base as u32, "Window base address (bits 39:16 of FB addr)";
+});
+
// PFB
// The following two registers together hold the physical system memory address that is used by the
--
2.34.1