[PATCH 1/4] KVM: riscv: Fix Spectre-v1 in ONE_REG register access

From: Lukas Gerlach

Date: Thu Feb 26 2026 - 09:29:30 EST


User-controlled register indices from the ONE_REG ioctl are used to
index into arrays of register values. Sanitize them with
array_index_nospec() to prevent speculative out-of-bounds access.

Signed-off-by: Lukas Gerlach <lukas.gerlach@xxxxxxxx>
---
arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_onereg.c | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_onereg.c b/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_onereg.c
index e7ab6cb00646..a4c8703a96a9 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_onereg.c
+++ b/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_onereg.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
#include <linux/bitops.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/err.h>
+#include <linux/nospec.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/kvm_host.h>
#include <asm/cacheflush.h>
@@ -127,6 +128,7 @@ static int kvm_riscv_vcpu_isa_check_host(unsigned long kvm_ext, unsigned long *g
kvm_ext >= ARRAY_SIZE(kvm_isa_ext_arr))
return -ENOENT;

+ kvm_ext = array_index_nospec(kvm_ext, ARRAY_SIZE(kvm_isa_ext_arr));
*guest_ext = kvm_isa_ext_arr[kvm_ext];
switch (*guest_ext) {
case RISCV_ISA_EXT_SMNPM:
@@ -443,13 +445,16 @@ static int kvm_riscv_vcpu_get_reg_core(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
unsigned long reg_num = reg->id & ~(KVM_REG_ARCH_MASK |
KVM_REG_SIZE_MASK |
KVM_REG_RISCV_CORE);
+ unsigned long regs_max = sizeof(struct kvm_riscv_core) / sizeof(unsigned long);
unsigned long reg_val;

if (KVM_REG_SIZE(reg->id) != sizeof(unsigned long))
return -EINVAL;
- if (reg_num >= sizeof(struct kvm_riscv_core) / sizeof(unsigned long))
+ if (reg_num >= regs_max)
return -ENOENT;

+ reg_num = array_index_nospec(reg_num, regs_max);
+
if (reg_num == KVM_REG_RISCV_CORE_REG(regs.pc))
reg_val = cntx->sepc;
else if (KVM_REG_RISCV_CORE_REG(regs.pc) < reg_num &&
@@ -476,13 +481,16 @@ static int kvm_riscv_vcpu_set_reg_core(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
unsigned long reg_num = reg->id & ~(KVM_REG_ARCH_MASK |
KVM_REG_SIZE_MASK |
KVM_REG_RISCV_CORE);
+ unsigned long regs_max = sizeof(struct kvm_riscv_core) / sizeof(unsigned long);
unsigned long reg_val;

if (KVM_REG_SIZE(reg->id) != sizeof(unsigned long))
return -EINVAL;
- if (reg_num >= sizeof(struct kvm_riscv_core) / sizeof(unsigned long))
+ if (reg_num >= regs_max)
return -ENOENT;

+ reg_num = array_index_nospec(reg_num, regs_max);
+
if (copy_from_user(&reg_val, uaddr, KVM_REG_SIZE(reg->id)))
return -EFAULT;

@@ -507,10 +515,13 @@ static int kvm_riscv_vcpu_general_get_csr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
unsigned long *out_val)
{
struct kvm_vcpu_csr *csr = &vcpu->arch.guest_csr;
+ unsigned long regs_max = sizeof(struct kvm_riscv_csr) / sizeof(unsigned long);

- if (reg_num >= sizeof(struct kvm_riscv_csr) / sizeof(unsigned long))
+ if (reg_num >= regs_max)
return -ENOENT;

+ reg_num = array_index_nospec(reg_num, regs_max);
+
if (reg_num == KVM_REG_RISCV_CSR_REG(sip)) {
kvm_riscv_vcpu_flush_interrupts(vcpu);
*out_val = (csr->hvip >> VSIP_TO_HVIP_SHIFT) & VSIP_VALID_MASK;
@@ -526,10 +537,13 @@ static int kvm_riscv_vcpu_general_set_csr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
unsigned long reg_val)
{
struct kvm_vcpu_csr *csr = &vcpu->arch.guest_csr;
+ unsigned long regs_max = sizeof(struct kvm_riscv_csr) / sizeof(unsigned long);

- if (reg_num >= sizeof(struct kvm_riscv_csr) / sizeof(unsigned long))
+ if (reg_num >= regs_max)
return -ENOENT;

+ reg_num = array_index_nospec(reg_num, regs_max);
+
if (reg_num == KVM_REG_RISCV_CSR_REG(sip)) {
reg_val &= VSIP_VALID_MASK;
reg_val <<= VSIP_TO_HVIP_SHIFT;
@@ -548,11 +562,14 @@ static inline int kvm_riscv_vcpu_smstateen_set_csr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
unsigned long reg_val)
{
struct kvm_vcpu_smstateen_csr *csr = &vcpu->arch.smstateen_csr;
+ unsigned long regs_max = sizeof(struct kvm_riscv_smstateen_csr) /
+ sizeof(unsigned long);

- if (reg_num >= sizeof(struct kvm_riscv_smstateen_csr) /
- sizeof(unsigned long))
+ if (reg_num >= regs_max)
return -EINVAL;

+ reg_num = array_index_nospec(reg_num, regs_max);
+
((unsigned long *)csr)[reg_num] = reg_val;
return 0;
}
@@ -562,11 +579,14 @@ static int kvm_riscv_vcpu_smstateen_get_csr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
unsigned long *out_val)
{
struct kvm_vcpu_smstateen_csr *csr = &vcpu->arch.smstateen_csr;
+ unsigned long regs_max = sizeof(struct kvm_riscv_smstateen_csr) /
+ sizeof(unsigned long);

- if (reg_num >= sizeof(struct kvm_riscv_smstateen_csr) /
- sizeof(unsigned long))
+ if (reg_num >= regs_max)
return -EINVAL;

+ reg_num = array_index_nospec(reg_num, regs_max);
+
*out_val = ((unsigned long *)csr)[reg_num];
return 0;
}

--
2.51.0