Re: [PATCH bpf-next v6 1/3] bpf: Add BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN flag to bpf_fib_lookup() helper

[Emil Tsalapatis]

On Sat Jul 4, 2026 at 5:21 AM EDT, Avinash Duduskar wrote:
> bpf_fib_lookup() returns the FIB-resolved egress ifindex straight
> from the fib result. When the egress is a VLAN device, the returned
> ifindex is the VLAN netdev's, which has no XDP xmit handler; XDP
> programs that want to forward the frame (e.g. xdp-forward) must
> instead target the underlying physical device and push the VLAN tag
> themselves. Today the program has no way to learn either the
> underlying ifindex or the VLAN tag without maintaining its own
> VLAN-to-ifindex map in userspace and refreshing it on netlink
> events.
>
> Add BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN. When the caller sets this flag and the fib
> result is a VLAN device whose immediate parent is a real (non-VLAN)
> device in the same network namespace, populate the existing output
> fields params->h_vlan_proto and params->h_vlan_TCI from the VLAN
> device and replace params->ifindex with the parent's ifindex.
> params->h_vlan_TCI carries the VID only, with PCP and DEI bits zero; a
> consumer wanting to set egress priority writes PCP itself.
> params->smac is the VLAN device's own address, which can differ from
> the parent's.
>
> Only the immediate parent is resolved, via vlan_dev_priv(dev)->real_dev
> and not vlan_dev_real_dev(), which walks to the bottom of a stack. When
> the immediate parent is not a real device in the same namespace, the
> lookup returns BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_VLAN_FAILURE and leaves params->ifindex
> at the input. This covers a stacked VLAN (QinQ), where the immediate
> parent is itself a VLAN device and one h_vlan_proto/h_vlan_TCI pair
> cannot describe two tags, and a parent in another network namespace (a
> VLAN device can be moved while its parent stays), whose ifindex would
> be meaningless in the caller's namespace. A program that wants the VLAN
> device's own ifindex re-issues the lookup without BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN,
> so the unreducible case stays distinct from a physical egress. That
> distinction matters for XDP: a program cannot xmit on a VLAN device, so
> a success carrying the VLAN ifindex would make it redirect to a device
> with no ndo_xdp_xmit and drop the frame at xdp_do_flush(). The swap and
> the vlan fields are written only on the reduce path; other output
> fields keep their existing behaviour, so a frag-needed result still
> reports the route mtu in params->mtu_result.
>
> BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN is only useful to XDP, which cannot redirect to a
> VLAN device. A tc program can redirect to the VLAN device directly, so
> bpf_skb_fib_lookup() rejects the flag with -EINVAL; bpf_xdp_fib_lookup()
> accepts it. When the flag is not set, behaviour is unchanged:
> h_vlan_proto and h_vlan_TCI are zeroed and ifindex is left at the FIB
> result.
>
> The new block is compiled only under CONFIG_VLAN_8021Q since
> vlan_dev_priv() is not defined otherwise; without that config
> is_vlan_dev() is constant false and the flag is accepted but never
> acts. That is safe because no VLAN device can exist there, so every
> egress is already physical.
>
> This lets an XDP redirect target the physical device and learn the
> tag to push in a single lookup, which xdp-forward's optional VLAN
> mode (xdp-project/xdp-tools#504) wants from the kernel side.
>
> The helper's input semantics are unchanged; the reverse direction
> (supplying a tag as lookup input) is added in the following patch.
>
> Suggested-by: Toke Høiland-Jørgensen <toke@xxxxxxxxxx>
> Reviewed-by: Toke Høiland-Jørgensen <toke@xxxxxxxxxx>
> Acked-by: David Ahern <dsahern@xxxxxxxxxx>
> Signed-off-by: Avinash Duduskar <avinash.duduskar@xxxxxxxxx>

Reviewed-by: Emil Tsalapatis <emil@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>

> ---
>  include/uapi/linux/bpf.h       | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
>  net/core/filter.c              | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
>  tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
>  3 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> index 89b36de5fdbb..e00f0392e728 100644
> --- a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> +++ b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> @@ -3532,6 +3532,29 @@ union bpf_attr {
>   *			Use the mark present in *params*->mark for the fib lookup.
>   *			This option should not be used with BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_DIRECT,
>   *			as it only has meaning for full lookups.
> + *		**BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN**
> + *			If the fib lookup resolves to a VLAN device whose
> + *			parent is a real (non-VLAN) device, set
> + *			*params*->h_vlan_proto and *params*->h_vlan_TCI from
> + *			the VLAN device and replace *params*->ifindex with the
> + *			parent's ifindex. *params*->h_vlan_TCI carries the VID
> + *			only, with PCP and DEI bits zero; a consumer wanting to
> + *			set egress priority writes PCP itself. *params*->smac is
> + *			the VLAN device's own address, which can differ from the
> + *			parent's. Only the immediate parent is resolved; if it
> + *			is itself a VLAN device (QinQ) or in another namespace,
> + *			the egress cannot be reduced to a physical device plus
> + *			one tag and the lookup returns
> + *			**BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_VLAN_FAILURE** with *params*->ifindex
> + *			left at the input. Re-issue without
> + *			**BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN** to obtain the VLAN device's own
> + *			ifindex. The swap and the vlan fields
> + *			are written only on success; other output fields keep
> + *			the helper's existing behaviour, so a frag-needed result
> + *			still reports the route mtu in *params*->mtu_result.
> + *			This flag is only valid for XDP programs; tc programs
> + *			receive -EINVAL since they can redirect to the VLAN
> + *			device directly.
>   *
>   *		*ctx* is either **struct xdp_md** for XDP programs or
>   *		**struct sk_buff** tc cls_act programs.
> @@ -7327,6 +7350,7 @@ enum {
>  	BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_TBID    = (1U << 3),
>  	BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_SRC     = (1U << 4),
>  	BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_MARK    = (1U << 5),
> +	BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN    = (1U << 6),
>  };
>  
>  enum {
> @@ -7340,6 +7364,7 @@ enum {
>  	BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_NO_NEIGH,     /* no neighbor entry for nh */
>  	BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_FRAG_NEEDED,  /* fragmentation required to fwd */
>  	BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_NO_SRC_ADDR,  /* failed to derive IP src addr */
> +	BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_VLAN_FAILURE, /* VLAN egress, parent unresolvable */
>  };
>  
>  struct bpf_fib_lookup {
> @@ -7393,7 +7418,11 @@ struct bpf_fib_lookup {
>  
>  	union {
>  		struct {
> -			/* output */
> +			/*
> +			 * output with BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN: set from the
> +			 * resolved egress VLAN device (see the flag); zeroed
> +			 * on other successful lookups.
> +			 */
>  			__be16	h_vlan_proto;
>  			__be16	h_vlan_TCI;
>  		};
> diff --git a/net/core/filter.c b/net/core/filter.c
> index 2e96b4b847ce..b5a45485a54b 100644
> --- a/net/core/filter.c
> +++ b/net/core/filter.c
> @@ -6201,10 +6201,29 @@ static const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_skb_get_xfrm_state_proto = {
>  #endif
>  
>  #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_INET) || IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_IPV6)
> -static int bpf_fib_set_fwd_params(struct bpf_fib_lookup *params, u32 mtu)
> +static int bpf_fib_set_fwd_params(struct net_device *dev,
> +				  struct bpf_fib_lookup *params,
> +				  u32 flags, u32 mtu, u32 in_ifindex)
>  {
>  	params->h_vlan_TCI = 0;
>  	params->h_vlan_proto = 0;
> +
> +#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_VLAN_8021Q)
> +	if ((flags & BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN) && is_vlan_dev(dev)) {
> +		struct net_device *real_dev = vlan_dev_priv(dev)->real_dev;
> +
> +		if (!is_vlan_dev(real_dev) &&
> +		    net_eq(dev_net(real_dev), dev_net(dev))) {
> +			params->h_vlan_proto = vlan_dev_vlan_proto(dev);
> +			params->h_vlan_TCI = htons(vlan_dev_vlan_id(dev));
> +			params->ifindex = real_dev->ifindex;
> +		} else {
> +			params->ifindex = in_ifindex;
> +			return BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_VLAN_FAILURE;
> +		}
> +	}
> +#endif
> +
>  	if (mtu)
>  		params->mtu_result = mtu; /* union with tot_len */
>  
> @@ -6216,6 +6235,7 @@ static int bpf_fib_set_fwd_params(struct bpf_fib_lookup *params, u32 mtu)
>  static int bpf_ipv4_fib_lookup(struct net *net, struct bpf_fib_lookup *params,
>  			       u32 flags, bool check_mtu)
>  {
> +	u32 in_ifindex = params->ifindex;
>  	struct neighbour *neigh = NULL;
>  	struct fib_nh_common *nhc;
>  	struct in_device *in_dev;
> @@ -6347,7 +6367,7 @@ static int bpf_ipv4_fib_lookup(struct net *net, struct bpf_fib_lookup *params,
>  	memcpy(params->smac, dev->dev_addr, ETH_ALEN);
>  
>  set_fwd_params:
> -	return bpf_fib_set_fwd_params(params, mtu);
> +	return bpf_fib_set_fwd_params(dev, params, flags, mtu, in_ifindex);
>  }
>  #endif
>  
> @@ -6357,6 +6377,7 @@ static int bpf_ipv6_fib_lookup(struct net *net, struct bpf_fib_lookup *params,
>  {
>  	struct in6_addr *src = (struct in6_addr *) params->ipv6_src;
>  	struct in6_addr *dst = (struct in6_addr *) params->ipv6_dst;
> +	u32 in_ifindex = params->ifindex;
>  	struct fib6_result res = {};
>  	struct neighbour *neigh;
>  	struct net_device *dev;
> @@ -6486,13 +6507,14 @@ static int bpf_ipv6_fib_lookup(struct net *net, struct bpf_fib_lookup *params,
>  	memcpy(params->smac, dev->dev_addr, ETH_ALEN);
>  
>  set_fwd_params:
> -	return bpf_fib_set_fwd_params(params, mtu);
> +	return bpf_fib_set_fwd_params(dev, params, flags, mtu, in_ifindex);
>  }
>  #endif
>  
>  #define BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_MASK (BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_DIRECT | BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_OUTPUT | \
>  			     BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_SKIP_NEIGH | BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_TBID | \
> -			     BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_SRC | BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_MARK)
> +			     BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_SRC | BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_MARK | \
> +			     BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN)
>  
>  BPF_CALL_4(bpf_xdp_fib_lookup, struct xdp_buff *, ctx,
>  	   struct bpf_fib_lookup *, params, int, plen, u32, flags)
> @@ -6541,6 +6563,9 @@ BPF_CALL_4(bpf_skb_fib_lookup, struct sk_buff *, skb,
>  	if (flags & ~BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_MASK)
>  		return -EINVAL;
>  
> +	if (flags & BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN)
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +
>  	if (params->tot_len)
>  		check_mtu = true;
>  
> diff --git a/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> index 89b36de5fdbb..e00f0392e728 100644
> --- a/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> +++ b/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> @@ -3532,6 +3532,29 @@ union bpf_attr {
>   *			Use the mark present in *params*->mark for the fib lookup.
>   *			This option should not be used with BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_DIRECT,
>   *			as it only has meaning for full lookups.
> + *		**BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN**
> + *			If the fib lookup resolves to a VLAN device whose
> + *			parent is a real (non-VLAN) device, set
> + *			*params*->h_vlan_proto and *params*->h_vlan_TCI from
> + *			the VLAN device and replace *params*->ifindex with the
> + *			parent's ifindex. *params*->h_vlan_TCI carries the VID
> + *			only, with PCP and DEI bits zero; a consumer wanting to
> + *			set egress priority writes PCP itself. *params*->smac is
> + *			the VLAN device's own address, which can differ from the
> + *			parent's. Only the immediate parent is resolved; if it
> + *			is itself a VLAN device (QinQ) or in another namespace,
> + *			the egress cannot be reduced to a physical device plus
> + *			one tag and the lookup returns
> + *			**BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_VLAN_FAILURE** with *params*->ifindex
> + *			left at the input. Re-issue without
> + *			**BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN** to obtain the VLAN device's own
> + *			ifindex. The swap and the vlan fields
> + *			are written only on success; other output fields keep
> + *			the helper's existing behaviour, so a frag-needed result
> + *			still reports the route mtu in *params*->mtu_result.
> + *			This flag is only valid for XDP programs; tc programs
> + *			receive -EINVAL since they can redirect to the VLAN
> + *			device directly.
>   *
>   *		*ctx* is either **struct xdp_md** for XDP programs or
>   *		**struct sk_buff** tc cls_act programs.
> @@ -7327,6 +7350,7 @@ enum {
>  	BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_TBID    = (1U << 3),
>  	BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_SRC     = (1U << 4),
>  	BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_MARK    = (1U << 5),
> +	BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN    = (1U << 6),
>  };
>  
>  enum {
> @@ -7340,6 +7364,7 @@ enum {
>  	BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_NO_NEIGH,     /* no neighbor entry for nh */
>  	BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_FRAG_NEEDED,  /* fragmentation required to fwd */
>  	BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_NO_SRC_ADDR,  /* failed to derive IP src addr */
> +	BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_VLAN_FAILURE, /* VLAN egress, parent unresolvable */
>  };
>  
>  struct bpf_fib_lookup {
> @@ -7393,7 +7418,11 @@ struct bpf_fib_lookup {
>  
>  	union {
>  		struct {
> -			/* output */
> +			/*
> +			 * output with BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN: set from the
> +			 * resolved egress VLAN device (see the flag); zeroed
> +			 * on other successful lookups.
> +			 */
>  			__be16	h_vlan_proto;
>  			__be16	h_vlan_TCI;
>  		};