Re: [PATCH bpf v3] bpf: Fix netns reference imbalance in conntrack kfuncs

[Emil Tsalapatis]

On Fri Jul 31, 2026 at 12:09 PM EDT, Chengfeng Ye wrote:
> The opts argument of the BPF conntrack kfuncs can point to a shared
> map value.  __bpf_nf_ct_lookup() and __bpf_nf_ct_alloc_entry() read
> opts->netns_id separately when acquiring and releasing the network
> namespace reference.
>
> The reference imbalance can occur as follows:
>
>   CPU 0                                  CPU 1
>   read opts->netns_id (-1)
>   skip get_net_ns_by_id()
>                                          write opts->netns_id (id)
>   read opts->netns_id (id)
>   put_net(net) /* no matching get */
>
> The reverse transition leaks the reference.  Repeating the unmatched put
> can destroy a live namespace and crash later users.
>
> The kernel reported:
>
>   Oops: general protection fault, probably for non-canonical address
>   KASAN: null-ptr-deref in range [0x00000000000000e8-0x00000000000000ef]
>   RIP: 0010:bpf_prog_test_run_xdp+0x52c/0x1700
>   Call Trace:
>    __sys_bpf+0x1662/0x50c0
>    __x64_sys_bpf+0x73/0xb0
>    do_syscall_64+0xf9/0x540
>    entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
>   Kernel panic - not syncing: Fatal exception
>
> Snapshot every input field of opts with READ_ONCE() before validating or
> using it.  The netns_id snapshot keeps the namespace get/put pair
> balanced, while the other snapshots keep the remaining options from
> changing partway through an invocation.  The individual reads can still
> observe an inconsistent combination during a concurrent update, but each
> selected field value remains stable for that invocation.
>
> Fixes: aed8ee7feb44 ("net: netfilter: Deduplicate code in bpf_{xdp,skb}_ct_lookup")
> Fixes: d7e79c97c00c ("net: netfilter: Add kfuncs to allocate and insert CT")
> Signed-off-by: Chengfeng Ye <nicoyip.dev@xxxxxxxxx>

Reviewed-by: Emil Tsalapatis <emil@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>

> ---
> Changes in v3:
> - Inline the one-use reserved-byte READ_ONCE() checks instead of
>   copying them into a local array.
> - Reorder the new local declarations in reverse-xmas-tree order.
>
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260730082958.2065194-1-nicoyip.dev@xxxxxxxxx/ [v2]
>
> Changes in v2:
> - Snapshot l4proto, ct_zone_id, ct_zone_dir, and the reserved bytes in
>   addition to netns_id, as requested in review.
> - Rebase onto bpf/master.
>
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260729163141.213611-1-nicoyip.dev@xxxxxxxxx/ [v1]
>
> Please queue this fix for stable kernels.
>
>  net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_bpf.c | 72 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------
>  1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_bpf.c b/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_bpf.c
> index f98d1d4b42c3..c2df7c948281 100644
> --- a/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_bpf.c
> +++ b/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_bpf.c
> @@ -122,42 +122,54 @@ __bpf_nf_ct_alloc_entry(struct net *net, struct bpf_sock_tuple *bpf_tuple,
>  	struct nf_conntrack_tuple otuple, rtuple;
>  	struct nf_conntrack_zone ct_zone;
>  	struct nf_conn *ct;
> +	u8 ct_zone_dir = 0;
> +	u16 ct_zone_id;
> +	s32 netns_id;
> +	u8 l4proto;
>  	int err;
>  
>  	if (!(opts_len == NF_BPF_CT_OPTS_SZ || opts_len == 12))
>  		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
> +
> +	netns_id = READ_ONCE(opts->netns_id);
> +	l4proto = READ_ONCE(opts->l4proto);
> +	ct_zone_id = READ_ONCE(opts->ct_zone_id);
>  	if (opts_len == NF_BPF_CT_OPTS_SZ) {
> -		if (opts->reserved[0] || opts->reserved[1] || opts->reserved[2])
> +		ct_zone_dir = READ_ONCE(opts->ct_zone_dir);
> +		if (READ_ONCE(opts->reserved[0]) ||
> +		    READ_ONCE(opts->reserved[1]) ||
> +		    READ_ONCE(opts->reserved[2]))
>  			return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
>  	} else {
> -		if (opts->ct_zone_id)
> +		if (ct_zone_id)
>  			return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
>  	}
>  
> -	if (unlikely(opts->netns_id < BPF_F_CURRENT_NETNS))
> +	if (unlikely(netns_id < BPF_F_CURRENT_NETNS))
>  		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
>  
> -	err = bpf_nf_ct_tuple_parse(bpf_tuple, tuple_len, opts->l4proto,
> +	err = bpf_nf_ct_tuple_parse(bpf_tuple, tuple_len, l4proto,
>  				    IP_CT_DIR_ORIGINAL, &otuple);
>  	if (err < 0)
>  		return ERR_PTR(err);
>  
> -	err = bpf_nf_ct_tuple_parse(bpf_tuple, tuple_len, opts->l4proto,
> +	err = bpf_nf_ct_tuple_parse(bpf_tuple, tuple_len, l4proto,
>  				    IP_CT_DIR_REPLY, &rtuple);
>  	if (err < 0)
>  		return ERR_PTR(err);
>  
> -	if (opts->netns_id >= 0) {
> -		net = get_net_ns_by_id(net, opts->netns_id);
> +	if (netns_id >= 0) {
> +		net = get_net_ns_by_id(net, netns_id);
>  		if (unlikely(!net))
>  			return ERR_PTR(-ENONET);
>  	}
>  
>  	if (opts_len == NF_BPF_CT_OPTS_SZ) {
> -		if (opts->ct_zone_dir == 0)
> -			opts->ct_zone_dir = NF_CT_DEFAULT_ZONE_DIR;
> -		nf_ct_zone_init(&ct_zone,
> -				opts->ct_zone_id, opts->ct_zone_dir, 0);
> +		if (ct_zone_dir == 0) {
> +			ct_zone_dir = NF_CT_DEFAULT_ZONE_DIR;
> +			opts->ct_zone_dir = ct_zone_dir;
> +		}
> +		nf_ct_zone_init(&ct_zone, ct_zone_id, ct_zone_dir, 0);
>  	} else {
>  		ct_zone = nf_ct_zone_dflt;
>  	}
> @@ -171,7 +183,7 @@ __bpf_nf_ct_alloc_entry(struct net *net, struct bpf_sock_tuple *bpf_tuple,
>  	__nf_ct_set_timeout(ct, timeout * HZ);
>  
>  out:
> -	if (opts->netns_id >= 0)
> +	if (netns_id >= 0)
>  		put_net(net);
>  
>  	return ct;
> @@ -186,46 +198,58 @@ static struct nf_conn *__bpf_nf_ct_lookup(struct net *net,
>  	struct nf_conntrack_tuple tuple;
>  	struct nf_conntrack_zone ct_zone;
>  	struct nf_conn *ct;
> +	u8 ct_zone_dir = 0;
> +	u16 ct_zone_id;
> +	s32 netns_id;
> +	u8 l4proto;
>  	int err;
>  
>  	if (!opts || !bpf_tuple)
>  		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
>  	if (!(opts_len == NF_BPF_CT_OPTS_SZ || opts_len == 12))
>  		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
> +
> +	netns_id = READ_ONCE(opts->netns_id);
> +	l4proto = READ_ONCE(opts->l4proto);
> +	ct_zone_id = READ_ONCE(opts->ct_zone_id);
>  	if (opts_len == NF_BPF_CT_OPTS_SZ) {
> -		if (opts->reserved[0] || opts->reserved[1] || opts->reserved[2])
> +		ct_zone_dir = READ_ONCE(opts->ct_zone_dir);
> +		if (READ_ONCE(opts->reserved[0]) ||
> +		    READ_ONCE(opts->reserved[1]) ||
> +		    READ_ONCE(opts->reserved[2]))
>  			return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
>  	} else {
> -		if (opts->ct_zone_id)
> +		if (ct_zone_id)
>  			return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
>  	}
> -	if (unlikely(opts->l4proto != IPPROTO_TCP && opts->l4proto != IPPROTO_UDP))
> +	if (unlikely(l4proto != IPPROTO_TCP && l4proto != IPPROTO_UDP))
>  		return ERR_PTR(-EPROTO);
> -	if (unlikely(opts->netns_id < BPF_F_CURRENT_NETNS))
> +	if (unlikely(netns_id < BPF_F_CURRENT_NETNS))
>  		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
>  
> -	err = bpf_nf_ct_tuple_parse(bpf_tuple, tuple_len, opts->l4proto,
> +	err = bpf_nf_ct_tuple_parse(bpf_tuple, tuple_len, l4proto,
>  				    IP_CT_DIR_ORIGINAL, &tuple);
>  	if (err < 0)
>  		return ERR_PTR(err);
>  
> -	if (opts->netns_id >= 0) {
> -		net = get_net_ns_by_id(net, opts->netns_id);
> +	if (netns_id >= 0) {
> +		net = get_net_ns_by_id(net, netns_id);
>  		if (unlikely(!net))
>  			return ERR_PTR(-ENONET);
>  	}
>  
>  	if (opts_len == NF_BPF_CT_OPTS_SZ) {
> -		if (opts->ct_zone_dir == 0)
> -			opts->ct_zone_dir = NF_CT_DEFAULT_ZONE_DIR;
> -		nf_ct_zone_init(&ct_zone,
> -				opts->ct_zone_id, opts->ct_zone_dir, 0);
> +		if (ct_zone_dir == 0) {
> +			ct_zone_dir = NF_CT_DEFAULT_ZONE_DIR;
> +			opts->ct_zone_dir = ct_zone_dir;
> +		}
> +		nf_ct_zone_init(&ct_zone, ct_zone_id, ct_zone_dir, 0);
>  	} else {
>  		ct_zone = nf_ct_zone_dflt;
>  	}
>  
>  	hash = nf_conntrack_find_get(net, &ct_zone, &tuple);
> -	if (opts->netns_id >= 0)
> +	if (netns_id >= 0)
>  		put_net(net);
>  	if (!hash)
>  		return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);