[PATCH 2/6] mm/page_owner: add bpf_iter target "page_owner"

From: Zhen Ni

Date: Fri Oct 09 2026 - 10:59:24 EST


Register a bpf_iter target "page_owner" that walks the pages eligible
for page_owner output, with the same eligibility rules as the
/sys/kernel/debug/page_owner read path.

For each eligible page the attached BPF program receives the pfn, the
page and the page_owner record, and can freely filter and format output.

The po_snap record in the scan cursor is taken inside the page_ext
RCU window and handed to the BPF program as a copy, so no RCU window
is needed at consumption time. Torn reads remain possible if the
record is concurrently updated while it is copied, but this is the
same best-effort behavior as the read path has always had.

The target is registered from pageowner_init() when both
CONFIG_PAGE_OWNER and CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL are enabled; a registration
failure only disables the bpf_iter target.

Userspace tools such as bpftrace can attach to this target like any
other bpf_iter. For example, to count pages owned by init (pid 1):

bpftrace -e 'iter:page_owner / ctx->po->pid == 1 / { @ = count(); }'

Signed-off-by: Zhen Ni <zhen.ni@xxxxxxxxxxxx>
---
mm/Makefile | 3 ++
mm/page_owner.c | 33 +++---------
mm/page_owner.h | 48 ++++++++++++++++++
mm/page_owner_iter.c | 116 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
4 files changed, 174 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 mm/page_owner.h
create mode 100644 mm/page_owner_iter.c

diff --git a/mm/Makefile b/mm/Makefile
index e7245cb88c66..d7307b5a964c 100644
--- a/mm/Makefile
+++ b/mm/Makefile
@@ -115,6 +115,9 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK) += kmemleak.o
obj-$(CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA_TEST) += rodata_test.o
obj-$(CONFIG_DEBUG_VM_PGTABLE) += debug_vm_pgtable.o
obj-$(CONFIG_PAGE_OWNER) += page_owner.o
+ifdef CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL
+obj-$(CONFIG_PAGE_OWNER) += page_owner_iter.o
+endif
obj-$(CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION) += page_isolation.o
obj-$(CONFIG_ZSMALLOC) += zsmalloc.o
obj-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_EARLY_IOREMAP) += early_ioremap.o
diff --git a/mm/page_owner.c b/mm/page_owner.c
index bafe474f3360..eb420803a434 100644
--- a/mm/page_owner.c
+++ b/mm/page_owner.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
#include <linux/sched/clock.h>

#include "page_alloc.h"
+#include "page_owner.h"

/*
* TODO: teach PAGE_OWNER_STACK_DEPTH (__dump_page_owner and save_stack)
@@ -21,31 +22,6 @@
*/
#define PAGE_OWNER_STACK_DEPTH (16)

-struct page_owner {
- unsigned short order;
- short last_migrate_reason;
- gfp_t gfp_mask;
- depot_stack_handle_t handle;
- depot_stack_handle_t free_handle;
- u64 ts_nsec;
- u64 free_ts_nsec;
- char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
- pid_t pid;
- pid_t tgid;
- pid_t free_pid;
- pid_t free_tgid;
-};
-
-/*
- * Cursor and per-page result of page_owner_next_eligible().
- */
-struct page_owner_scan {
- /* resume point */
- unsigned long pfn;
- struct page *page;
- struct page_owner po_snap;
-};
-
struct stack {
struct stack_record *stack_record;
struct stack *next;
@@ -741,7 +717,7 @@ void __dump_page_owner(const struct page *page)
* must advance scan->pfn past the hit before calling again to resume
* the scan.
*/
-static bool page_owner_next_eligible(struct page_owner_scan *scan)
+bool page_owner_next_eligible(struct page_owner_scan *scan)
{
unsigned long pfn = scan->pfn;

@@ -1196,6 +1172,11 @@ static int __init pageowner_init(void)
&stack_fops);
debugfs_create_file("count_threshold", 0600, dir, NULL,
&threshold_fops);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL
+ if (page_owner_iter_register())
+ pr_warn("page_owner: failed to register bpf_iter target\n");
+#endif
return 0;
}
late_initcall(pageowner_init)
diff --git a/mm/page_owner.h b/mm/page_owner.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fda83be69275
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mm/page_owner.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
+/*
+ * mm/ internal page_owner and page_owner_iter declarations
+ */
+
+#ifndef __MM_PAGE_OWNER_H
+#define __MM_PAGE_OWNER_H
+
+#include <linux/page_ext.h>
+#include <linux/sched.h>
+#include <linux/stackdepot.h>
+
+/*
+ * mm/page_owner.c
+ */
+struct page_owner {
+ unsigned short order;
+ short last_migrate_reason;
+ gfp_t gfp_mask;
+ depot_stack_handle_t handle;
+ depot_stack_handle_t free_handle;
+ u64 ts_nsec;
+ u64 free_ts_nsec;
+ char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
+ pid_t pid;
+ pid_t tgid;
+ pid_t free_pid;
+ pid_t free_tgid;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Cursor and per-page result of page_owner_next_eligible().
+ */
+struct page_owner_scan {
+ /* resume point */
+ unsigned long pfn;
+ struct page *page;
+ struct page_owner po_snap;
+};
+
+bool page_owner_next_eligible(struct page_owner_scan *scan);
+
+/*
+ * mm/page_owner_iter.c
+ */
+int page_owner_iter_register(void);
+
+#endif /* __MM_PAGE_OWNER_H */
diff --git a/mm/page_owner_iter.c b/mm/page_owner_iter.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..33dc9dcd59de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mm/page_owner_iter.c
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include <linux/btf_ids.h>
+#include <linux/memblock.h>
+#include <linux/mm.h>
+#include <linux/seq_file.h>
+
+#include "page_owner.h"
+
+struct bpf_iter__page_owner {
+ __bpf_md_ptr(struct bpf_iter_meta *, meta);
+ __bpf_md_ptr(struct page *, page);
+ __bpf_md_ptr(struct page_owner *, po);
+ u64 pfn;
+};
+
+DEFINE_BPF_ITER_FUNC(page_owner, struct bpf_iter_meta *meta,
+ struct page *page, struct page_owner *po, u64 pfn)
+
+static void *page_owner_seq_start(struct seq_file *seq, loff_t *posp)
+{
+ struct page_owner_scan *scan = seq->private;
+
+ if (*posp == 0)
+ scan->pfn = min_low_pfn;
+ else
+ scan->pfn++;
+
+ if (!page_owner_next_eligible(scan))
+ return NULL;
+ return scan->page;
+}
+
+static void *page_owner_seq_next(struct seq_file *seq, void *v, loff_t *posp)
+{
+ struct page_owner_scan *scan = seq->private;
+
+ ++*posp;
+ scan->pfn++;
+ if (!page_owner_next_eligible(scan))
+ return NULL;
+
+ return scan->page;
+}
+
+static void page_owner_seq_stop(struct seq_file *seq, void *v)
+{
+}
+
+static int page_owner_prog_seq_show(struct bpf_prog *prog,
+ struct bpf_iter_meta *meta, void *v)
+{
+ struct page_owner_scan *scan = meta->seq->private;
+ struct bpf_iter__page_owner ctx;
+
+ /* @po: hit-time snapshot, no RCU window needed. */
+ ctx.meta = meta;
+ ctx.page = (struct page *)v;
+ ctx.po = &scan->po_snap;
+ ctx.pfn = scan->pfn;
+
+ return bpf_iter_run_prog(prog, &ctx);
+}
+
+static int page_owner_seq_show(struct seq_file *seq, void *v)
+{
+ struct bpf_iter_meta meta;
+ struct bpf_prog *prog;
+
+ meta.seq = seq;
+ prog = bpf_iter_get_info(&meta, false);
+ if (!prog)
+ return 0;
+
+ return page_owner_prog_seq_show(prog, &meta, v);
+}
+
+static const struct seq_operations page_owner_iter_seq_ops = {
+ .start = page_owner_seq_start,
+ .next = page_owner_seq_next,
+ .stop = page_owner_seq_stop,
+ .show = page_owner_seq_show,
+};
+
+static const struct bpf_iter_seq_info page_owner_iter_seq_info = {
+ .seq_ops = &page_owner_iter_seq_ops,
+ .init_seq_private = NULL,
+ .fini_seq_private = NULL,
+ .seq_priv_size = sizeof(struct page_owner_scan),
+};
+
+static struct bpf_iter_reg page_owner_iter_reg_info = {
+ .target = "page_owner",
+ .ctx_arg_info_size = 2,
+ .ctx_arg_info = {
+ { offsetof(struct bpf_iter__page_owner, page),
+ PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL },
+ { offsetof(struct bpf_iter__page_owner, po),
+ PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL },
+ },
+ .seq_info = &page_owner_iter_seq_info,
+};
+
+BTF_ID_LIST(page_owner_btf_ids)
+BTF_ID(struct, page)
+BTF_ID(struct, page_owner)
+
+int page_owner_iter_register(void)
+{
+ page_owner_iter_reg_info.ctx_arg_info[0].btf_id =
+ page_owner_btf_ids[0];
+ page_owner_iter_reg_info.ctx_arg_info[1].btf_id =
+ page_owner_btf_ids[1];
+
+ return bpf_iter_reg_target(&page_owner_iter_reg_info);
+}
--
2.20.1