[PATCH bpf-next v5 8/9] selftests/bpf: Add test to verify xlated insns for global percpu data

From: Leon Hwang

Date: Mon Jun 08 2026 - 11:25:54 EST


Add a test to verify global percpu data related xlated insns:

1. ld_imm64: compare xlated one with the one in ELF object file.
2. mov64_percpu_reg: it is added by verifier.

Signed-off-by: Leon Hwang <leon.hwang@xxxxxxxxx>
---
.../bpf/prog_tests/global_data_init.c | 86 +++++++++++++++++++
.../bpf/progs/test_global_percpu_data.c | 11 +++
2 files changed, 97 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/global_data_init.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/global_data_init.c
index 729878d5d3b3..c3b9423246b5 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/global_data_init.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/global_data_init.c
@@ -249,6 +249,90 @@ static void test_global_percpu_data_verifier_log(void)
RUN_TESTS(test_global_percpu_data);
}

+static int find_ld_imm64(const struct bpf_insn *insns, size_t insn_cnt, struct bpf_insn *ld_imm64)
+{
+ size_t i;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++) {
+ if (insns[i].code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW)) {
+ ld_imm64[0] = insns[i];
+ ld_imm64[1] = insns[i + 1];
+ return i;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return -ENOENT;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Special (internal-only) form of mov, used to resolve per-CPU addrs:
+ * dst_reg = src_reg + <percpu_base_off>
+ * BPF_ADDR_PERCPU is used as a special insn->off value.
+ */
+#define BPF_ADDR_PERCPU (-1)
+
+#define BPF_MOV64_PERCPU_REG(DST, SRC) \
+ ((struct bpf_insn) { \
+ .code = BPF_ALU64 | BPF_MOV | BPF_X, \
+ .dst_reg = DST, \
+ .src_reg = SRC, \
+ .off = BPF_ADDR_PERCPU, \
+ .imm = 0 })
+
+static __u64 ld_imm64_to_u64(const struct bpf_insn *insn)
+{
+ return ((__u64) insn[1].imm << 32) | (__u64) insn[0].imm;
+}
+
+static void test_global_percpu_data_xlated(void)
+{
+ struct bpf_insn ld_imm64_raw[2], ld_imm64_xlated[2], mov64_percpu_reg, *insns = NULL;
+ size_t insn_sz = sizeof(struct bpf_insn);
+ struct test_global_percpu_data *skel;
+ struct bpf_program *prog;
+ int idx, err;
+ __u32 cnt;
+
+ skel = test_global_percpu_data__open();
+ if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "test_global_percpu_data__open"))
+ return;
+
+ prog = skel->progs.verifier_percpu_read;
+ idx = find_ld_imm64(bpf_program__insns(prog), bpf_program__insn_cnt(prog), ld_imm64_raw);
+ if (!ASSERT_GE(idx, 0, "find_ld_imm64 raw"))
+ goto out;
+
+ err = test_global_percpu_data__load(skel);
+ if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "test_global_percpu_data__load"))
+ goto out;
+
+ err = get_xlated_program(bpf_program__fd(prog), &insns, &cnt);
+ if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "get_xlated_program"))
+ goto out;
+ if (!ASSERT_GT(cnt, idx + 2, "xlated insn count"))
+ goto out;
+
+ idx = find_ld_imm64(insns, cnt, ld_imm64_xlated);
+ if (!ASSERT_GE(idx, 0, "find_ld_imm64 xlated"))
+ goto out;
+
+ ASSERT_EQ(ld_imm64_xlated[0].code, ld_imm64_raw[0].code, "ld_imm64 opcode");
+ ASSERT_TRUE(ld_imm64_xlated[0].dst_reg == ld_imm64_raw[0].dst_reg, "ld_imm64 dst_reg");
+ /*
+ * The xlated instruction has the map ID in imm and the offset
+ * in the next instruction's imm. The raw instruction just has
+ * the offset in its imm.
+ */
+ ASSERT_EQ(ld_imm64_xlated[1].imm, ld_imm64_to_u64(ld_imm64_raw), "ld_imm64 off");
+
+ mov64_percpu_reg = BPF_MOV64_PERCPU_REG(ld_imm64_raw[0].dst_reg, ld_imm64_raw[0].dst_reg);
+ ASSERT_MEMEQ(&insns[idx + 2], &mov64_percpu_reg, insn_sz, "mov64_percpu_reg");
+
+out:
+ test_global_percpu_data__destroy(skel);
+ free(insns);
+}
+
void test_global_percpu_data(void)
{
if (!feat_supported(NULL, FEAT_PERCPU_DATA)) {
@@ -262,4 +346,6 @@ void test_global_percpu_data(void)
test_global_percpu_data_lskel();
if (test__start_subtest("verifier_log"))
test_global_percpu_data_verifier_log();
+ if (test__start_subtest("xlated"))
+ test_global_percpu_data_xlated();
}
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_global_percpu_data.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_global_percpu_data.c
index 2222ad3a49bd..9a1b1a314c2f 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_global_percpu_data.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_global_percpu_data.c
@@ -51,4 +51,15 @@ int verifier_snprintf(void *ctx)
return 0;
}

+static volatile const char fmt2[] SEC(".percpu.fmt") = "data %d\n";
+
+SEC("kprobe")
+__auxiliary
+int verifier_percpu_read(void *ctx)
+{
+ char c = fmt2[4];
+
+ return c == ' ';
+}
+
char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
--
2.54.0