[PATCH v5] kcov: fix data corruption and race conditions on PREEMPT_RT by moving saved remote state to task_struct

[Tetsuo Handa]

syzbot is reporting KCOV state corruption on PREEMPT_RT kernels, for the
temporary storage used for saving/restoring remote KCOV state is currently
allocated as the per-CPU area.

On PREEMPT_RT kernels, softirq handlers run as preemptible task threads
(e.g., ksoftirqd). If a softirq context preempts a task running a remote
KCOV session, it safely saves the task's state into the per-CPU area.
However, if that softirq thread is subsequently preempted by a higher-
priority softirq thread on the same CPU, the second softirq will overwrite
the same per-CPU area, permanently destroying the original task's KCOV
state.

Fix this data corruption by moving the temporary storage from the per-CPU
area to the per-thread area. Since each softirq thread now owns its own
task context, nested softirq preemption no longer causes data overwrites.

Note that while the temporary storage is now on a per-thread basis, the
per-CPU kcov_percpu_data.lock must be retained, for we need to ensure that
kcov_remote_start() and kcov_remote_stop() operate atomically without
racing against asynchronous interrupts that manipulate the current task's
KCOV state.

Analyzed-by: AI Mode in Google Search (no mail address)
Fixes: 5ff3b30ab57d ("kcov: collect coverage from interrupts")
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
---
Only compile tested. This version preserves kcov_percpu_data.lock which the past
versions attempted to remove ( https://sashiko.dev/#/message/7aff4d71-a6a0-4898-9491-2a3973e9d0cc%40I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp )
and explicitly passes context type instead of relying on buffer size in case
a task context by chance requested buffer size which is equals to the size of
buffers preallocated for the softirq context.

 include/linux/sched.h |  8 +++++
 kernel/kcov.c         | 82 +++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 lib/Kconfig.debug     |  5 +--
 3 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/sched.h b/include/linux/sched.h
index 373bcc0598d1..7a53c15cecb5 100644
--- a/include/linux/sched.h
+++ b/include/linux/sched.h
@@ -1543,6 +1543,14 @@ struct task_struct {
 
 	/* Collect coverage from softirq context: */
 	unsigned int			kcov_softirq;
+
+	/* Temporary storage for preempting remote coverage collection: */
+	unsigned int			kcov_saved_mode;
+	unsigned int			kcov_saved_size;
+	void				*kcov_saved_area;
+	struct kcov			*kcov_saved_kcov;
+	int				kcov_saved_sequence;
+
 #endif
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_V1
diff --git a/kernel/kcov.c b/kernel/kcov.c
index 1df373fb562b..76363a024f00 100644
--- a/kernel/kcov.c
+++ b/kernel/kcov.c
@@ -86,17 +86,12 @@ struct kcov_remote {
 
 static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(kcov_remote_lock);
 static DEFINE_HASHTABLE(kcov_remote_map, 4);
-static struct list_head kcov_remote_areas = LIST_HEAD_INIT(kcov_remote_areas);
+static struct list_head kcov_remote_areas[2] = {
+	LIST_HEAD_INIT(kcov_remote_areas[0]), LIST_HEAD_INIT(kcov_remote_areas[1])
+};
 
 struct kcov_percpu_data {
-	void			*irq_area;
 	local_lock_t		lock;
-
-	unsigned int		saved_mode;
-	unsigned int		saved_size;
-	void			*saved_area;
-	struct kcov		*saved_kcov;
-	int			saved_sequence;
 };
 
 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct kcov_percpu_data, kcov_percpu_data) = {
@@ -132,12 +127,13 @@ static struct kcov_remote *kcov_remote_add(struct kcov *kcov, u64 handle)
 }
 
 /* Must be called with kcov_remote_lock locked. */
-static struct kcov_remote_area *kcov_remote_area_get(unsigned int size)
+static struct kcov_remote_area *kcov_remote_area_get(unsigned int size, bool irq)
 {
 	struct kcov_remote_area *area;
 	struct list_head *pos;
+	struct list_head *list = &kcov_remote_areas[irq];
 
-	list_for_each(pos, &kcov_remote_areas) {
+	list_for_each(pos, list) {
 		area = list_entry(pos, struct kcov_remote_area, list);
 		if (area->size == size) {
 			list_del(&area->list);
@@ -149,11 +145,11 @@ static struct kcov_remote_area *kcov_remote_area_get(unsigned int size)
 
 /* Must be called with kcov_remote_lock locked. */
 static void kcov_remote_area_put(struct kcov_remote_area *area,
-					unsigned int size)
+				 unsigned int size, bool irq)
 {
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&area->list);
 	area->size = size;
-	list_add(&area->list, &kcov_remote_areas);
+	list_add(&area->list, &kcov_remote_areas[irq]);
 	/*
 	 * KMSAN doesn't instrument this file, so it may not know area->list
 	 * is initialized. Unpoison it explicitly to avoid reports in
@@ -836,17 +832,16 @@ static inline bool kcov_mode_enabled(unsigned int mode)
 static void kcov_remote_softirq_start(struct task_struct *t)
 	__must_hold(&kcov_percpu_data.lock)
 {
-	struct kcov_percpu_data *data = this_cpu_ptr(&kcov_percpu_data);
 	unsigned int mode;
 
 	mode = READ_ONCE(t->kcov_mode);
 	barrier();
 	if (kcov_mode_enabled(mode)) {
-		data->saved_mode = mode;
-		data->saved_size = t->kcov_size;
-		data->saved_area = t->kcov_area;
-		data->saved_sequence = t->kcov_sequence;
-		data->saved_kcov = t->kcov;
+		t->kcov_saved_mode = mode;
+		t->kcov_saved_size = t->kcov_size;
+		t->kcov_saved_area = t->kcov_area;
+		t->kcov_saved_sequence = t->kcov_sequence;
+		t->kcov_saved_kcov = t->kcov;
 		kcov_stop(t);
 	}
 }
@@ -854,17 +849,15 @@ static void kcov_remote_softirq_start(struct task_struct *t)
 static void kcov_remote_softirq_stop(struct task_struct *t)
 	__must_hold(&kcov_percpu_data.lock)
 {
-	struct kcov_percpu_data *data = this_cpu_ptr(&kcov_percpu_data);
-
-	if (data->saved_kcov) {
-		kcov_start(t, data->saved_kcov, data->saved_size,
-				data->saved_area, data->saved_mode,
-				data->saved_sequence);
-		data->saved_mode = 0;
-		data->saved_size = 0;
-		data->saved_area = NULL;
-		data->saved_sequence = 0;
-		data->saved_kcov = NULL;
+	if (t->kcov_saved_kcov) {
+		kcov_start(t, t->kcov_saved_kcov, t->kcov_saved_size,
+			   t->kcov_saved_area, t->kcov_saved_mode,
+			   t->kcov_saved_sequence);
+		t->kcov_saved_mode = 0;
+		t->kcov_saved_size = 0;
+		t->kcov_saved_area = NULL;
+		t->kcov_saved_sequence = 0;
+		t->kcov_saved_kcov = NULL;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -927,17 +920,17 @@ void kcov_remote_start(u64 handle)
 	sequence = kcov->sequence;
 	if (in_task()) {
 		size = kcov->remote_size;
-		area = kcov_remote_area_get(size);
+		area = kcov_remote_area_get(size, false);
 	} else {
 		size = CONFIG_KCOV_IRQ_AREA_SIZE;
-		area = this_cpu_ptr(&kcov_percpu_data)->irq_area;
+		area = kcov_remote_area_get(size, true);
 	}
 	spin_unlock(&kcov_remote_lock);
 
-	/* Can only happen when in_task(). */
+	/* Allocate new buffer if we can sleep. */
 	if (!area) {
 		local_unlock_irqrestore(&kcov_percpu_data.lock, flags);
-		area = vmalloc(size * sizeof(unsigned long));
+		area = in_task() ? vmalloc(size * sizeof(unsigned long)) : NULL;
 		if (!area) {
 			kcov_put(kcov);
 			return;
@@ -1079,9 +1072,9 @@ void kcov_remote_stop(void)
 		kcov_move_area(kcov->mode, kcov->area, kcov->size, area);
 	spin_unlock(&kcov->lock);
 
-	if (in_task()) {
+	if (1) {
 		spin_lock(&kcov_remote_lock);
-		kcov_remote_area_put(area, size);
+		kcov_remote_area_put(area, size, !in_task());
 		spin_unlock(&kcov_remote_lock);
 	}
 
@@ -1129,14 +1122,19 @@ static void __init selftest(void)
 
 static int __init kcov_init(void)
 {
-	int cpu;
+	int cpu = num_possible_cpus();
 
-	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
-		void *area = vmalloc_node(CONFIG_KCOV_IRQ_AREA_SIZE *
-				sizeof(unsigned long), cpu_to_node(cpu));
-		if (!area)
-			return -ENOMEM;
-		per_cpu_ptr(&kcov_percpu_data, cpu)->irq_area = area;
+#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT
+	/* Allocate some extra buffers in order to prepare for softirq preemption. */
+	cpu = cpu >= 4 ? cpu * 2 : cpu + 4;
+#endif
+	while (cpu--) {
+		void *area = vmalloc(CONFIG_KCOV_IRQ_AREA_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long));
+		unsigned long flags;
+
+		spin_lock_irqsave(&kcov_remote_lock, flags);
+		kcov_remote_area_put(area, CONFIG_KCOV_IRQ_AREA_SIZE, true);
+		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kcov_remote_lock, flags);
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/lib/Kconfig.debug b/lib/Kconfig.debug
index 1244dcac2294..12786379bf1d 100644
--- a/lib/Kconfig.debug
+++ b/lib/Kconfig.debug
@@ -2247,10 +2247,11 @@ config KCOV_INSTRUMENT_ALL
 config KCOV_IRQ_AREA_SIZE
 	hex "Size of interrupt coverage collection area in words"
 	depends on KCOV
+	range 0x80 0x1000000
 	default 0x40000
 	help
-	  KCOV uses preallocated per-cpu areas to collect coverage from
-	  soft interrupts. This specifies the size of those areas in the
+	  KCOV uses preallocated areas to collect coverage from soft
+	  interrupts. This specifies the size of those areas in the
 	  number of unsigned long words.
 
 config KCOV_SELFTEST
-- 
2.52.0